Vinyl benzene solids

Figure 7. Schematic conversion by heating, of dense network of vinyl benzene solids under oxidizing conditions.

As indicated above, considerable efforts in research and development have been deployed into the development of insoluble singlet oxygen sensitizers. Although, rose bengal chemically bound to chloromethylated copolymer of styrene and di vinyl benzene [14, 84] (and commercialized as Sensitox ) has shown excellent results as far as its light stability in solid matrices is concerned [85], the sensitizer is suffering, in addition to the drawbacks of the... 

Different aromatic residues have been substituted for the pyrazine and phenyl groups in 9 in order to undertake a systematic investigation of this type of compound. Nakanishi et al. have examined the solid-state photochemistry of l,4-bis[p-pyridyl-(2)-vinyl]benzene (10), p-phenylenediacrylic acid dimethyl ester (11), diethyl ester (12) and diphenyl ester (13), and p-phenylenedi[a-cyanoacrylic... 

Betzemeier et al. (1998) have used f-BuOOH, in the presence of a Pd(II) catalyst bearing perfluorinated ligands using a biphasic system of benzene and bromo perfluoro octane to convert a variety of olefins, such as styrene, p-substituted styrenes, vinyl naphthalene, 1-decene etc. to the corresponding ketone via a Wacker type process. Xia and Fell (1997) have used the Li salt of triphenylphosphine monosulphonic acid, which can be solubilized with methanol. A hydroformylation reaction is conducted and catalyst recovery is facilitated by removal of methanol when filtration or extraction with water can be practised. The aqueous solution can be evaporated and the solid salt can be dissolved in methanol and recycled. 

Yamamura and Murahashi (1977) have studied the crown ether-catalysed cyanation of vinyl halides under solid—liquid phase-transfer conditions (20). The reaction of /rans-/ -bromostyrene [140] with sodium cyanide in benzene,... 

The hydration state of risedronate sodium was monitored continuously in a fluidized bed dryer and correlated to data on the physical stability of tablets made from the monitored material [275]. The final granulation moisture was found to affect the solid-state form, which in turn dictated the drug s physical stability over time. The process of freeze-drying mannitol was monitored continuously with in-line Raman and at-line NIR spectroscopies [276]. The thin polymer solvent coatings, such as poly(vinyl acetate) with toluene, methanol, benzene, and combinations of the solvents, were monitored as they dried to generate concentra-tion/time profiles [277]. 

Concurrently, the butyltellurenyl bromide was obtained by the addition of a solution of bromine (0.16 g, 2.0 mmol) in benzene ( 10 mL) to the solution of dibutylditelluride (0.738 g, 2.0 mmol) in hexane cooled at 0°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 10 min, then LiCl (0.196 g, 4.2 mmol) was added, the dark solution turned clear red and stirring was continued until LiCl was dissolved (10 min). The resulting solution was transferred to the flask containing the vinyl alane. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and then a mixture of ice and water ( 60 mL) was added. The solids were filtered and the products extracted with hexane (3X70 mL) and ethyl acetate... 

B. and C. 2-Methyl-4H-pyran-4-one. A 1000-mL, round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar and a reflux condenser is charged with the crude acylated Meldrum s acid, 80 mL of butyl vinyl ether and 287 mL of toluene (or benzene) (Note 6). The reaction mixture is heated to 80°C for 7 hr (Note 7). The volatile components are removed under reduced pressure to yield 31.81 g of product (Note 8). To the residue are added 765 mL of tetrahydofuran, 191 mL of water and 2.7 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The mixture is heated to reflux for 18 hr, then the reaction is quenched with 10 g of solid sodium bicarbonate and allowed to stir for 15 min at 25°C (Note 9). The mixture is filtered to remove the sodium bicarbonate and the volatile components are removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 500 mL of methylene chloride, placed in a separatory funnel and washed with 200 mL of water and 200 mL of brine solution. The aqueous layers are collected and extracted with methylene chloride (2 x 200 mL). The organic layers are combined, dried over 20 g of sodium sulfate for 1 hr, filtered into a 1000-mL, round-bottomed flask, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting red oil is purified by chromatography using a 6-cm diameter glass column packed with 400 g of silica gel... 

Thiophenes have been prepared on insoluble supports mainly by arylation or viny-lation of halothiophenes and thienylstannanes (Table 15.10). Heck, Suzuki, and Stille couplings with thiophenes usually proceed as smoothly as those with substituted benzenes, and arylations or vinylations of thiophenes have often been used as examples to illustrate new conditions for the realization of these coupling reactions on solid phase. 

In the examples of our work on organic molecular and polymeric solids that follow, first some contributions to the UPS line widths in condensed molecular solids are discussed for two prototype systems, anthracene and isopropyl benzene then the UPS of two.aromatic pendant group polymers, polystyrene and poly(2-vinyl pyridine), are discussed and compared with some spectra concerning the simplest linear conjugated polymer, polyacetylene. 

We summarize here the features of the UPS and UVA data which lead to the molecular ion concept for these aromatic pendant group polymers. First, the spectra of the polymers PVP and PS are essentially identical to those of condensed model molecular moieties 2-vinyl pyridine and ethyl benzene, respectively. Second, the solid-state spectra are related to the gas-phase spectra of these model moieties by an essentially constant shift to higher energy (lower binding energy) of all the ionization peaks by = 1.5 0.1 eV. Third, the width in energy of the solid-state ionization peak is Air = 1.0 0.1 for both polymers... 

Method B Pentachlorophenol (9.7 g, 36.5 mmol) was dissolved InvLnyl acetate (18.8 g, 218.6 mmol) and the solution was cooled to -30°C. Mercuric acetate (0.9 g, 2.8 mmol) and 2 drops of cone. H2SO4 were added to the solution. Reaction was allowed to proceed for 3 hrs. at -30° and then for 12 hrs. at -5°C. The excess vinyl acetate was removed by passing air over the mixture and the solids were chromatographed on grade III alumina using a 4 1 hexane/benzene eluent. The material eluting first was recrystalllzed from chloroform to obtain 2.7 g (25.0%) of (9). 

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