Vineyards weed control

Terbumeton. Terbumeton served as a partner product to terbuthylazine for weed control in vineyards and orchards outside the United States under the trademark Caragard . Its role in these mixtures was to control deep-rooted perennial weeds. As better alternatives were developed, its use was discontinued. 

Weed Control in Orchards, Vineyards, and Small Fruit... 

In the late 1950s and early 1960s cultivation equipment was the principal method of weed control (Leefe and Longley, 1960 Leonard and Lider, 1961). At the same time, there were early reports showing that selective herbicides such as simazine and diuron could provide excellent weed control in vineyards and orchards in the United States and Europe (Bourdier, 1959 Doll, 1960 Huglin, 1960 Larson and Ries, 1960 Lulliard, 1961 Leonard et al., 1964). 

Simazine was the main product studied in early research on the triazines for weed control in tree fruits and vineyards (Doll, 1960 Larson and Ries, 1960). On mature grapevines in a deep, fine, and sandy loam soil, no differences in crop tolerance were observed between simazine and atrazine (Leonard and Lider, 1961). However, subsequent studies indicated that grapevines were more tolerant to simazine than to atrazine (Lange et al., 1969a). Prometryn was intermediate between the two in terms of crop tolerance (Lange et al., 1969a). 

Principles of Selective Chemical Weed Control in Trees, Vineyards, and Fruit... 

Many triazines have been evaluated for weed control in orchards and vineyards, but primary emphasis will be placed on simazine as the herbicide of preference in most of these crops. In general, simazine is better tolerated by most tree fruits, nuts, and vines than high rates of atrazine, prometryn, propazine, terbutryn, terbuthylazine, or metribuzin. 

Donaldson, D.R., R.L.K. Snyder, C.L. Elmore, and S. Gallagher (1997). Weed control influences vineyard minimum temperatures. Amer. J. Enol. Vide., 44 431 134. 

Elmore, C.L., A.H. Lange, L.L. Buschmann, and D.H. Chaney (1970). Annual weed control in young prunes. HortScience, 5(4) 263-264. Elmore, C.L., J. Roncomi, L. Wade, and P. Verdegaal (1997). Mulch plus herbicides effectively control vineyard weeds. Calif. Agric., 51 14-18. 

Paraquat is used for stubble cleaning, presowing and preemergence weed control, inter-row weed control of ploughed land, as a spray for subfoliar weed-control in maize, for inter-row weed-control in orchards, vineyards and tree nurseries, for pasture renovation and for total weed-control in non-crop areas. The rate of application is 0.4-1.5 kg active ingredient/ha. 

Terbuthylazine is another novel chloro-.v-triazinc that has found very important uses in Europe for control of weeds in corn, as well as vineyards and orchards. It was introduced at lower application rates than the early atrazine rates and was not registered for use in roads, railways, and noncropland. Terbuthylazine is used in combination with other herbicides and has continued to help replace some uses of atrazine and simazine in many countries of Europe. 

Uses herbicides/insecticides pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover, trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries, vineyards and other crops for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of insect pests on fruit trees also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops destruction of potato haulms as a pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc. 

Control of a wide range of annual and perennial broadleaved weeds in fruits, orchards, vineyards, citrus, non-crop land... 

Glufosinate is a postemergent, nonselective, partially systemic contact herbicide which acts on leaves as well as in the plant after uptake and transport. Its action is delayed at lower temperatures. It causes inhibition of photosynthesis and interferes with amino add metabolism of the plant, thereby causing accumulation of NH4. The most important uses are in the control of seed and root weeds in vineyards, and in fruit growing. A relatively quick degradation with a half-life between 30 and 40 days occurs in the soil. 

Oxyfluorfen is applied as a preemergence herbicide in soybeans, cotton, tomatoes, tobacco and green pepper at a rate of 0.2-0.4 kg active ingredient/ha. Grassy weeds are not well controlled by oxyfluorfen, but in the case of heavy grass weed infestation it can be tank—mixed with thiocarbamates, dinitroanilines, chloroacetamides, dalapon and paraquat. Oxyfluorfen is also recommended in tree fruits, vineyards and in conifer nurseries as an early postemergence treatment. 

It is used as a preemergence herbicide at a rate of 1.5-7 kg active ingredient/ha for the control of weeds in potatoes, medicinal plants, vineyards and orchards. It is ineffective for the control of deep-rooted and perennial weeds, probably because it does not reach the depth of their root zone in toxic quantities. A certain degree of natural resistance to monolinuron is also possible (Brian, 1965 Couturier, 1963 Borner et al., 1969). 

From 1841 on, powdered sulfur was applied to control powdery mildew (Erysiphaceae) in orchards, and since 1885 nicotine was used as an insecticide in vineyards. Ten years later, mercuric chloride (HgCl, corrosive subhmate) was introduced for coating of seeds. As weed-kiUers, corrosive metal salts, like copper(ll) and iron(ll) sulfate, dilute sulfuric and nitric acids, and sodium chlorate were employed. 

Some genera seem more prone than others to rapidly evolve resistance, as they have evolved resistance to more than one herbicide in many areas. These include Lolium spp, Conyza = Erigeron spp among others. There is even one case of sequentially appearing resistance to herbicides with different sites of action. Paraquat (a photosystem I inhibitor) was used to eliminate atrazine-resistant Conyza in vineyards, but resistance to the paraquat used to control the triazine-resistant weed then evolved [32]. 

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