Vesicular carriers

Nanda, A. et al., Transferosomes a novel ultradeformable vesicular carrier for teans-dermal drug delivery. Drug Del. TechnoL, 5, 1, 2005. 

Simons M, Raposo G (2009) Exosomes-vesicular carriers for intercellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21 575-581... 

Orci, L., Glick, B. S. and Rothman, J. E. A new type of coated vesicular carrier that appears not to contain clathrin its possible role in protein transport within the Golgi stack. Cell 46 171-184,1986. 

There are four main compartments a soluble macromolecule can enter the central compartment (blood and lymphatic system), interstitium, intestinal lumen, and lysosomes [100, 101]. Minor compartments are primary urine, liquor, bile, etc. There is no experimental evidence that clearly indicates the penetration of synthetic macromolecules into the cytoplasm, i.e, into the intracellular compartment (inside the cell but outside the endosomes or lysosomes) [101]. The movements of soluble macromolecules between body compartments have been extensively reviewed [14, 20,100-104] and will not be covered in detail here. We shall concentrate on the discussion of main factors influencing the movement of soluble macromolecules when administered into the bloodstream. Depending on the structure and molecular weight distribution, part of the polymeric molecules are excreted in the urine. Simultaneously, the macromolecules are cleared from the bloodstream by endocytosis. It is important to note that nonspecific capture of soluble macromolecules by the specialized cells of the reticuloendothelial system is generally much less (orders of magnitude) when compared to vesicular carriers of a comparable structure. 

Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M. Ethosomes—novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery characterization and skin penetration. J Control Release 2000 65 403-418. 

Vesicular Carriers for Enhanced Delivery through the Skin... 

Dermal and transdermal delivery requires efficient penetration of compounds through the skin barrier, the bilayer domains of intercellular lipid matrices, and keratin bundles in the stratum corneum (SC). Lipid vesicular systems are a recognized mode of enhanced delivery of drugs into and through the skin. However, it is noteworthy that not every lipid vesicular system has the adequate characteristics to enhance skin membrane permeation. Specially designed lipid vesicles in contrast to classic liposomal compositions could achieve this goal. This chapter describes the structure, main physicochemical characteristics, and mechanism of action of prominent vesicular carriers in this field and reviews reported data on their enhanced delivery performance. 

Touitou, E., et al. 2000. Ethosomes-novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery Characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Release 65 403. 

Wojcik SM, Katsurabayashi S, Guillemin I, Friauf E, Rosenmund C, Brose N, Rhee JS (2006) A shared vesicular carrier allows synaptic corelease of GABA and glycine. Neuron 50 575-587. 

The vesicular carrier in the diagram transports dopamine and norepinephrine into the vesicles for storage. It can be blocked by reserpine. The answer is (E). 

Jain S, Jain P, Umamaheshwari RB, Jain NK. Transferosomes—a novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery development, characterization, and performance evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003 29 1013-26. 

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