Vertical vs. horizontal separators

Estimate the cost of nonbonded HH repulsion as < function of distance by plotting energy (vertical axis) vs HH separation (horizontal axis) for methane+metham (two methanes approaching each other with CH bond head on ). Next, measure the distance between the nearest hychogens in eclipsed ethane. What is the HI repulsion energy in the methane chmer at this distance Multiplied by three, does this approximate the rotatioi barrier in ethane ... 

Baffles are frequently used in pressure vessels, either vertical or horizontal, to divide the interior volume into different compartments. These compartments may be used to segregate liquids or provide overflow weirs for the separation of liquids. Baffles may be stiffened or unstiffened. When welded across the entire cross section of the vessel, fliey must be checked that they are not unduly restricting the diametral expansion of the vessel. If flie unrestrained radial expansion of the vessel exceeds that of the baffle by more than Vi6 in. (Vs in. on the diameter), then a flexible type of connection between the vessel shell and the baffle should be utilized. Various flexible attachment designs are shown within the procedure. 

For horizontal separator, liquid droplet settling velocity (vs) is still calculated by Eq, (3a). But for horizontal separator, liquid droplets are settled in vertical direction perpendicular to vapor flow velocity (v, in ft/sec). For horizontal separator, there is a requirement for its vessel length (L). The requirement is that the vessel should be long enough for the selecled minimum size liquid droplets to settle into the liquid phase before the vapor flow exit the vessel. Mathematically, following equation should be valid ... 

In most cases, L/Hv is greater than one. Therefore, for horizontal separator rapor vdodty (v) is usually larger than the liquid settlmg velocity (vs). This means the requited vessel v r cross scctioual area for horizontel separator is less than that for a vertical separator, since in vertical separator, the v or velocity (v) equals to or less foan the liquid droplet settling velodQr (vs). 

For each reaction, plot energy (vertical axis) vs. the number of the structure in the overall sequence (horizontal axis). Do reactions that share the same mechanistic label also share similar reaction energy diagrams How many barriers separate the reactants and products in an Sn2 reaction In an SnI reaction Based on your observations, draw a step-by-step mechanism for each reaction using curved arrows () to show electron movements. The drawing for each step should show the reactants and products for that step and curved arrows needed for that step only. Do not draw transition states, and do not combine arrows for different steps. 

Usually the most convenient way to use Hammett s equation is to plot log k/k0 or just log k of the reaction of interest on the vertical axis and o values for the substituents on the horizontal axis. The slope of the plot of log k vs. o may change as a result of changes in the mechanism and in response to the variable electron demand of each substituent. It is anticipated that the various substituents will exert the same kinds of effects on the rate constants as they do on the benzoic acid rate constants, but the greater separation between substitution site and reaction site in the same chemical family makes the reaction less sensitive to the substituent effects. Many different oxidation reactions have been treated using Hammett s equation. The consistent trend of linear relationship with all of the Hammett s constants holds for all chemical classes except halogenated phenols. 

Fig. 3.27. Kendrick mass defect vs. nominal Kendrick mass for odd-mass ions ([M-H]" ions). The compound classes (O, O2, O3S, and O4S) and the different numbers of rings plus double bonds (Chap. 6.4.4) are separated vertically. Horizontally, the points are spaced by CH2 groups along a homologous series [55]. By courtesy of A.G. Marshall, NHFL, Tallahassee.

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