Vehicles highly efficient

Euro 4 limits on diesel particulate matter necessitated the use of diesel particulate filters on some vehicles, highly efficient exhaust after-treatment filters which remove harmful particulate emissions, even down to ca. 10 nm. One consequence is lhal Ihe engine lubricanl is required lo be compatible with the DPF, ensuring that the device functions correctly and efficiently, not only over the complete service interval but for the lifetime of the system. The DPF compatible lubricant is still required to meet all of the traditional performance targets and remain cost effective. 

Collective protection enclosures are required for groups of personnel. Such enclosures must be airtight to prevent inward seepage of contamination. They can be independent units or can be formed by adequately treating the interior walls of stmctures, tents, airplanes, or vehicles. A supply of uncontaminated air, provided by passing ambient air through high efficiency aerosol and carbon filters, must be provided. 

The use of propane as a motor vehicle fuel has been highly developed in some countries, particularly in the USA, Holland and Italy. It is, of course, an entirely lead-free fuel. Very high efficiencies can be obtained using a gaseous fuel in spark-ignition engines since intimate mixing of the fuel and air is much more easily achieved than with a liquid fuel. This results in a much cleaner exhaust, with considerable reductions in CO and hydrocarbons. 

Cells made from GaAs are more costly than silicon cells, because the production process is not as well developed, and gallium and arsenic are not abundant materials. GaAs cells have been used when very high efficiency is needed regardless of cost such as required in space applications. They were also used in the Sunraycer, a photovoltaic-powered electric car, which won the Pentax World Solar Challenge race for solar-powered vehicles in 1987. It ran the 3000-km from Darwin to Adelaide, Australia at an average day time speed of 66-km per hour. The 1990 race was won by a... 

Another competitor for fuel cell vehicles could be the diesel engine. Diesel engines are used in large trucks and construction equipment for their high efficiency and durability. 

Early expectations of very low emissions and relatively high efficiencies have been met in power plants with each type of fuel cell. Fuel flexibility has been demonstrated using natural gas, propane, landfill gas, anaerobic digester gas, military logistic fuels, and coal gas, greatly expanding market opportunities. Transportation markets worldwide have shown remarkable interest in fuel cells nearly every major vehicle manufacturer in the U.S., Europe, and the Far East is supporting development. 

The high efficiency that hybrids have in urban settings poses particularly tough competition for fuel cell vehicles because, at least initially, fuel cell vehicles are likely to be used mainly for urban driving, for several reasons ... 

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