Vectorial

Once again, these fluxes are not all independent and some care must be taken to rewrite everything so that syimnetry is preserved [12]. Wlien this is done, the Curie principle decouples the vectorial forces from the scalar fluxes and vice versa [9]. Nevertheless, the reaction temis lead to additional reciprocal relations because... 

Alternatively, the electron can exchange parallel momentum with the lattice, but only in well defined amounts given by vectors that belong to the reciprocal lattice of the surface. That is, the vector is a linear combination of two reciprocal lattice vectors a and b, with integer coefficients. Thus, g = ha + kb, with arbitrary integers h and k (note that all the vectors a,b, a, b and g are parallel to the surface). The reciprocal lattice vectors a and are related to tire direct-space lattice vectors a and b through the following non-transparent definitions, which also use a vector n that is perpendicular to the surface plane, as well as vectorial dot and cross products ... 

Hwang K C and Mauzerall D C 1992 Vectorial electron transfer from an interfacial photoexcited porphyrin to ground-state Cgg and C g and from ascorbate to triplet Cgg and C g in a lipid bilayer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 9705-6... 

Throughout, the space coordinates and other vectorial quantities are written either in vector fomi x, or with Latin indices k— 1,2,3) the time it) coordinate is Ap = ct. A four vector will have Greek lettered indices, such as Xv (v = 0,1,2,3) or the partial derivatives 0v- m is the electronic mass, and e the charge. 

As noted above, jC in Eq. (154) arises from terras in which p 7 v. The corresponding contribution to the four current was evaluated in [104,323] and was shown to yield the polarization cuirent. Our result is written in teims of the magnetic field H and the electric field E, as well as the spinor four-vector v / and the vectorial 2x2 sigma raatiices given in Eq. (151). 

Consider then the total angular momentum F defined by the vectorial sum of all the angular momenta of the system... 

Equation (165) yields the two components of t(<7, 0), the vectorial non-adiabatic coupling temi, for a distribution of two-state conical intersections expressed in terms of the values of the angular component of each individual non-adiabatic coupling term at the closest vicinity of each conical intersection. These values have to be obtained from ab initio treatments (or from perturbation expansions) however, all that is needed is a set of these values along a single closed circle, each surrounding one conical intersection. 

To study the two isolated conical intersections, we have to treat two-state curl equations that are given in Eq. (26). Here, the first 2 x 2 x mahix contains the (vectorial) element, that is, X012 and the second 2 x 2 x mahix contains X023- As before each of the non-adiabatic coupling terms, X012 and X023 has the following components ... 

Figure 8 Vectorially calculated dipole moments for the three planar conformations of l,l -thiocarbonyl-bis-...

Figure 9 Vectorially calculated dipole moments for the four planar isomers of 3(5)-azidopyrazoIe...

The summated current is the sum of all the CT secondary currents of the different circuits. The rating of the instrument connected on the secondary of the summation CT should be commensurate with the summated current. The error of measurement is now high, as the errors of all individual CTs will also add up vectorially. 

Suppose the driving torque of G is increased. G will accelerate faster than Gy and wall advance Ej vectorially by Ad, the magnitude remaining same (Figure 16.16(a)) and... 

If i is slower and falls behind vectorially, then G, will operate as a synchronous motor and receive reactive power /"Z, from the infinite bus (Figure 16.23) since = , + / Z,. 

There are three state points within a turbine that are important when analyzing the flow. They are located at the nozzle entrance, the rotor entrance, and at the rotor exit. Fluid velocity is an important variable governing the flow and energy transfer within a turbine. The absolute velocity (F) is the fluid velocity relative to some stationary point. Absolute velocity is important when analyzing the flow across a stationary blade such as a nozzle. When considering the flow across a rotating element or rotor blade, the relative velocity IV is important. Vectorially, the relative velocity is defined... 

At this point, as far as shaking forces go, the gas forces do not make a contribution. If the rod load or bearing loads are to be analyzed, the gas forces must be calculated and added vectorially to the inertia forces to... 

Vectorial subtraction of slow-roll (300-600 rpm) total electrical and mechanical runout is permitted by the API rules. Vectorial subtraction of bearing-housing motion may be Justified if it can be demonstrated to be of significance. 

For non-polar materials (i.e. materials free from dipoles or in which the dipoles are vectorially balanced) the dielectric constant is due to electronic polarisation only and will generally have a value of less than 3. Since polarisation is instantaneous the dielectric constant is independent of temperature and frequency. Power losses are also negligible irrespective of temperature and frequency. 

In ternary mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant the ordering properties of the system follow from the vectorial character of the interactions of the surfactant molecules with both the oil and the water molecules. The typical size of the ordered domains, much larger than the molecular size, justifies the application of the mesoscopic Landau-Ginzburg approach to the ordering. In the simplest approach of Gompper and Schick [3,12], which we call here the basic Landau-Ginzburg model, the orientational degrees of free-... 

FIGURE 22.21 The mechanism of photophosphorylation. Photosynthetic electron transport establishes a proton gradient that is tapped by the CFiCFo ATP synthase to drive ATP synthesis. Critical to this mechanism is the fact that the membrane-bound components of light-induced electron transport and ATP synthesis are asymmetrical with respect to the thylakoid membrane so that vectorial discharge and uptake of ensue, generating the proton-motive force. 

Vectorial transfer of electronic energy in rod-like ruthenium-osmium complexes with bis-2,2, 2"-terpyridine ligands 97CC333. 

Veitstanz, m. St. Vitus s dance, chorea. Vektorengleichung,/. vector equation. Vektorgeriist, n. vector diagram, vektorieil, a. vectorial. 

The deflection tool orientation parameters can be obtained using the vectorial method of D. Ragland, the Ouija Board , or the three-dimensional mathematical deflecting model. 

It is possible that the stationary-state situations leading to an active ion transport occur only in localized regions of the membrane, i.e., at ATPase molecule units with diameters of about 50 A and a length of 80 A. The vectorial ion currents at locations with a mixed potential and special equipotential lines would appear phenomenologically like ionic channels. If the membrane area where the passive diffusion occurs is large, it may determine the rest potential of the whole cell. 

Active Transporters use the energy of ATP for vectorial transport through a biological membrane against concentration gradient of the transported substrate. 

ENaC is located in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells where it mediates Na+ transport across tight epithelia [3], The most important tight epithelia expressing ENaC include the distal nephron of the kidney, the respiratory epithelium, and the distal colon. The basic function of ENaC in polarized epithelial cells is to allow vectorial transcellular transport of Na+ ions. This transepithelial Na+ transport through a cell involves... 

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