Vapor-deposition solid-state synthesis

Pt and Pd nitride nanoparticles have been synthesized by sputtering of the parent metal with N2 plasma [85]. Traditional solid-state synthesis techniques are often unsuccessful in creating Pt/Pd nitrides due to the low M-N bond strength. Physical vapor deposition processes such as sputtering can, however, often produce materials that are not expected thermodynamically due to the nature of the reaction. In this study, platinum and palladium thin films and nanoparticles were... 

Guerin S, Hayden BE. 2006. Physical vapor deposition method for the high-throughput synthesis of solid-state material libraries. J Comb Chem 8 66-73. 

Simultaneous evaporation of metal with organic and inorganic substances followed by vapor deposition on a substrate allows the production of composite films containing M nanoparticles stabilized in various dielectric matrices [2, 28]. The use of monomer molecules in this process polymerizing during deposition or as a result of the subsequent reactions yields polymeric nanocomposite films with metal inclusions [2, 3, 28, 37]. The new low-temperature synthesis of polymeric nanocomposite films has been elaborated recently. This synthesis is based on the deposition of M/SC and monomers vapors at temperature 80 K followed by low-temperature solid-state polymerization of obtained films in conditions of frozen thermal movement of molecules (cryochemical synthesis) [2], This synthesis has important features, which will be considered further. 

As mentioned above, the new method of cryochemical synthesis of polymer nanocomposite films has been developed based on co-deposition of M/ SC and monomer vapors at temperature 80K and subsequent low-temperature solid-state polymerization of monomer matrix ([2] and works cited herein). It has been established that a number of monomers (acrylonitrile, formaldehyde, /i-xylylene and its derivatives) polymerize in solid state in absence of thermal movement of molecules owing to own specific supra-molecular structure. When reaction is initiated by y- or UV-radiation the formation of a polymer matrix occurs even at the temperatures close to temperature of liquid helium [66-69]. 

Dozens of methods to synthesize nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods have been reported that can be found in the references included in Table 1. In addition to the most well known ones, such as hot plasmas, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, high temperature solid state and hydrothermal synthesis, fill-ing/coating of carbon nanotubes and similar types of materials, three methods have been developed that enable the synthesis of a wealth of new anisotropic nanoparticles. 

There are various nanoparticle production methods reported. Most common approaches include solid-state methods (grinding and milling), vapor methods (physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition), chemical synthesis/ solution methods (sol-gel approach and colloidal chemistry), and gas-phase synthesis methods [1]. Chemical approaches are the most popular methods for the production of nanoparticles. Other novel production methods include microwave techniques, a supercritical fluid precipitation process, and biological techniques. 

The cryochemical vapor deposition synthesis of metal-polymer films (from the gaseous state to the solid polymer one, bypassing the liquid phase) allows the production of both new organometallic structures and new valuable composites with high concentrations of nano-sized metal or semiconductor particles. 

This section gives an overview of the sort of chemistry that is observed in or on solids. Solid state reactions are those chemical reactions in which at least one solid product is formed from at least one solid reactant. This definition excludes processes for synthesis of solids from nonsolid reactants. If solids are made from gases and liquids as in chemical vapor deposition or in sol-gel reactions, it is not strictly speaking solid state chemistry. Defect chemistry is a central subject in solid state chemistry, and the physical chemistry of defects is discussed in Chapter 10. 

Many techniques have been developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as solid-state reactions [5-14], molten salt synthesis [15-21], hydrothermal methods [22-29], sol-gel processing [30-36], co-precipitation [37-46], thermal evaporation [47-50], plasma methods [51-54], chemical vapor deposition [55-60], pulsed laser deposition [61-66], and magnetron sputtering [67-72],... 

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