Vanadium nuclear properties

Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. 

Niobium-Vanadium The presence of vanadium reduces niobium s corrosion resistance to most media. The alloy containing 12 6 at. Vo V however has excellent resistance to high-temperature water and steam, and this property and the alloy s relatively low neutron cross section give it considerable potential for nuclear applications. 

Under similar reaction-conditions, the vanadium species V(N2)6 (139) has been isolated. In addition, a species V2(Na) (n probably = 12) was observed (139). The metal nuclearity was established by the standard, metal-concentration techniques. A comparison of the optical spectra of V(N2) and V(CO)e 128) suggested that these molecules have very similar, electronic properties, and the data clearly established that N2 is a strong, field ligand in its bonding properties. Interestingly, atomic V could be isolated in N2 matrices from 8- 12K co-... 

Phenanthroline has been included in a patent as an inhibitor of the polymerization of unsaturated nitriles, such as acrylonitrile.545 Because of its fluorescent properties, it has been patented for use in a luminescent electrolytic cell.546 547 It has also been investigated as a coolant in nuclear reactors.548,549 6-Hydroxy-1,7-phenanthroline, as a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline, can be used for the spectrophotometric determination of iron (III)550 and vanadium(V).551... 

Vanadium-51 is a spin 7/2 nucleus, and consequently it has a quadrupole moment and is frequently referred to as a quadrupolar nucleus. The nuclear quadrupole moment is moderate in size, having a value of -0.052 x 10 2S m2. Vanadium-51 is about 40% as sensitive as protons toward NMR observation, and therefore spectra are generally easily obtained. The NMR spectroscopy of vanadium is influenced strongly by the quadrupolar properties, which derive from charge separation within the nucleus. The quadrupole moment interacts with its environment by means of electric field gradients within the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. The electric field gradients arise from a nonspherical distribution of electron density about the... 

The 0 + (vanadyl) ion is one of the most stable oxo-metal species known, and probably the most stable diatomic ion. Most of these properties stem from the ground-state electronic configuration of the vanadium atom, [Ar]3d, which shows similarities to the Cu + d system. The ion also lends itself to study by ESR because of the isotopic purity of the V isotope, its high nuclear spin, / = 7/2, and the single unpaired outer electron. 

G. A. Ozin and C. G. Francis, J. Mol Struct., 59, 55 (1980). The same experiments can be earned out at 290 K using a meta-substituted pentaphenyl ether (Santovac-5) manufactured by Monsanto. The spectroscopic properties of the products up to a vanadium cluster nuclearity, n - 3 (microsolution) or n = 2 (macroscale), are identical to those of the DC510 supported vanadium. 

Other metals such as beryllium, hafnium, niobium, vanadium, and zirconium are known to have nuclear and other properties which make them desirable materials of construction in various designs of nuclear reactor, but also they have, or may have in the future, important uses outside that field. All these metals except hafnium have been used or proposed for canning materials to clad and protect the nuclear fuel metals from corrosion by the reactor coolants or moderators, air, carbon dioxide, water, heavy water, graphite or molten sodium, etc. In some cases the specifications for neutron-absorbing impurities are of the same order as for the fuel metals uranium and thorium. Hafnium, however, with a high neutron-capture cross-section, is a useful material for reactor control rods and exhibits favourable metallurgical properties under irradiation. 

Trends in atomic radii are of concern because chemical properties are determined in part by atomic size. Looking at the fourth-period covalent radii (one measure of atomic size) in Table 23.1, you see that they decrease quickly from scandium (144 pm) to titanium (132 pm) and vanadium (122 pm). This decrease in atomic size across a row is also observed in the main-group elements. It is due to an increase in effective nuclear charge that acts on the outer electrons and pulls them in more strongly. The effective nuclear charge is the positive charge Telf by an electron it equals the nuclear charge minus the... 

The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about 21/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. 

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