Vaccine production from microorganisms

Fermentation broths tend to be very dilute and contain complex mixtures of inorganic or organic substances. The recovery of a soluble product (MW range 500-2500 dalton) such as an antibiotic, organic acid or animal vaccine from fermentation broth takes several processing steps. The first step is the clarification of broth to separate the low molecular weight soluble product from microorganisms and other particulate matter such as cells, cell debris, husks, colloids and macromolecules from the broth me-dium.l l In this step, microporous membrane filters (MWCO 10,000 to... 

Vaccines containing killed microorganisms or their products are generally tested for potency in assays in which the amount of the vaccine that is required to protect animals from a defined challenge dose of... 

Bioprocess plants are an essential part of food, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Use of microorganisms to transform biological materials for production of fermented foods, cheese and chemicals has its antiquity. Bioprocesses have been developed for an enoimous range of commercial products, as listed in Table 1.1. Most of the products originate from relatively cheap raw materials. Production of industrial alcohols and organic solvents is mostly originated from cheap feed stocks. The more expensive and special bioprocesses are in the production of antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Industrial enzymes and living cells such as baker s yeast and brewer s yeast are also commercial products obtained from bioprocess plants. 

It is an immunobiological substance for producing specific protection against a given disease. It stimulates the production of protective antibodies and other immune mechanisms. Vaccines may be prepared from attenuated live organisms, inactivated or killed microorganisms, toxoids or combination of these and more recent one are recombinant vaccines. 

Proteins intended for therapeutic use, including C5rtokines (e.g., interferons), enzymes (e.g., thrombol5rtics), and other novel proteins, except for those that are specifically assigned to CBER (e.g., vaccines and blood products). This category includes therapeutic proteins derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms, and recombinant versions of these products. 

At present, these technologies have rendered possible the production of virtually unlimited quantities of important new biologies which were previously available only in minutest quantities. Human insulin, interferon, human growth hormone, foot and mouth disease vaccine are but a few examples. For the purpose of this symposium it should be emphasized that these proteins are often first obtained in the form of crude extracts, heavily contaminated by extraneous matter, derived from the host organism. The purification of the desired end product is essential if it is to be used as a pharmaceutical. The magnitude of the problem can best be comprehended if one realizes that the host cell, i.e. the modified microorganism or the hybridoma cell, may contain well over 5,000 different proteins, only one of which may be the desired active principle. 

In the beverage industry it is used to improve product yield and quaUty. UF systems remove proteins, suspended colloids, polyphenoHc compounds, starch, pectin, and microorganisms from natural juice providing a brilliantly clear juice (permeate) that is stable even after extended storage. UF is commonly used for product concentration (i.e., solvent removal) in bioprocessing concentration of cell-free fermentation broths containing complex biological compounds such as monoclonal antibodies as well as biomolecule/product recovery from very dilute solutions. UF systems are also used for virus removal in the production of therapeutic proteins and vaccines and for antibiotics recovery. 

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