User protection

Fortunately there have been few reports of systemic poisoning, since use of adequate protective clothing will prevent intoxication even under tropical conditions. However systemic poisoning can occur under conditions of misuse or inadequate user protection. 

Stokes R, Diffey B How well are sunscreen users protected Photoder-matol Photoimmunol Photomec 1997 13 186-188. 

User protection is paramount Warnings are only permitted when no other means are possible and may not take the place of a safe design. For example, a MOVING PARTS WARNING is allowed only when the hazard is directly involved in the production process and there are no other possible options (i.e., guards, interlocks, stop-switch, sensors). Therefore, if a guard or other protection means is possible, it must be employed. 

Rasshofer, R. H., Schwarz, D., Morhart, C., Biebl, E. (2009). Cooperative sensor technology for preventive vulnerable road user protection. In list International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV 2009). No. 09-0136. 

Ensure warnings identify remaining hazards and provide instructions necessary for user protection... 

Next to keeping designs private, users can also choose to legally protect the design (e.g. patent protection] in order to appropriate innovation rents. Even if scholars have pointed out that the returns on these innovations may be low due to the high costs associated with their protection (Harhoff et al. 2003 von Hippel and von Kro 2006], there exists also evidence for this scenario, e.g. in the field of user entrepreneurship. Here, users protect their developed innovations in some cases in order to capture the rents if they start up new businesses (Shah and Tripsas 2007]. 

Stringent use conditions are essential. This type of protection will need information and training for all the users. Protective creams should be applied on a clean and well-dried skin. Their application must be careful, in thin layer, with emphasis on spaces between fingers and around nails. They can also be used to protect the forearms, neck, or face from potential contact with dust or chemical fumes. It is recommended to let the cream dry, after applying it, for a few seconds to make the protective film stable. The application should be repeated at least every 2-3 h and, more often, in cases of mechanical wear removing the deposited layer. 

The chemical index now includes approximately 1000 chemi-cals/chemical brands or mixtures of chemicals, additional synonyms, CAS numbers, and risk codes to alert the user, which may be of most concern for user protection. 

Between 1979 and 1991, the amounts of herbicide apphed in the United States have remained constant, but the expenditures on herbicides have increased 54%. Agricultural costs accounted for ah. of this increase and more, since herbicide user expenditures in the government/commercial and home sectors combined dropped 3 to 4% during that period. Increased weed control costs related to crop protection have also contributed to the 37% increase, since 1988, in total annual user expenditures for pesticides in general, ie, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. In the United States, agricultural uses (ca 1993) account for more than 67% of total pesticide user expenses and 75% of the quantity used annually. Herbicides are now the lea ding type of pesticides in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used (1). 

The hardware and software used to implement LIMS systems must be vahdated. Computers and networks need to be examined for potential impact of component failure on LIMS data. Security concerns regarding control of access to LIMS information must be addressed. Software, operating systems, and database management systems used in the implementation of LIMS systems must be vahdated to protect against data cormption and loss. Mechanisms for fault-tolerant operation and LIMS data backup and restoration should be documented and tested. One approach to vahdation of LIMS hardware and software is to choose vendors whose products are precertified however, the ultimate responsibihty for vahdation remains with the user. Vahdating the LIMS system s operation involves a substantial amount of work, and an adequate vahdation infrastmcture is a prerequisite for the constmction of a dependable and flexible LIMS system. 

Nickel carbonyl should be used in totally enclosed systems or under good local exhaust. Plants and laboratories where nickel carbonyl is used should make use of air-monitoring devices, alarms should be present in case of accidental leakage, and appropriate personal respiratory protective devices should be readily available for emergency uses. Monitoring of urinary nickel levels is useful to help determine the severity of exposure and identify appropriate treatment measures. Some large-scale users of nickel carbonyl maintain a supply of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, or Antabuse, a therapeutic agent, on hand for use in case of overexposure. 

Because of the high functional values that polyimides can provide, a small-scale custom synthesis by users or toU producers is often economically viable despite high cost, especially for aerospace and microelectronic appHcations. For the majority of iudustrial appHcations, the yellow color generally associated with polyimides is quite acceptable. However, transparency or low absorbance is an essential requirement iu some appHcations such as multilayer thermal iusulation blankets for satellites and protective coatings for solar cells and other space components (93). For iutedayer dielectric appHcations iu semiconductor devices, polyimides having low and controlled thermal expansion coefficients are required to match those of substrate materials such as metals, ceramics, and semiconductors usediu those devices (94). 

The air bag industry has become one of the principal users of pyrotechnic compositions in the world. Most of the current air bag systems are based on the thermal decomposition of sodium azide, NaN, to rapidly generate a large volume of nitrogen gas, N2. Air bag systems must function immediately (within 50 ms) upon impact, and must quickly deploy a pulse of reasonably cool, nontoxic, unreactive gas to inflate the protective cushion for the driver or passenger. These formulations incorporate an oxidizer such as iron oxide to convert the atomic sodium that initially forms into sodium oxide, Na20. Equation 1 represents the reaction. 

Many other compounds are presendy in use a 1993 database search showed 27 active ingredients in 212 products registered by the U.S. EPA for human use as repellents or feeding depressants, including octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxamide (A/-2-ethylhexylbicyclo[2.2.1]-5-hepten-2,3-dicarboxamide), dipropyl isocinchomeronate (2,5-pyridine dicarboxyhc acid, dipropyl ester), dimethyl phthalate, oil of citroneUa, cedarwood oil, pyrethrins, and pine tar oil (2). Repellent—toxicant or biting depressant systems are available which are reasonably comfortable for the user and can protect completely against a number of pests for an extended period of time (2). 

Adhesives and Sealants. Most industrial adhesives contain surface active components and additives, and air entrainment during their mechanical appHcation can significantly reduce joint strength. Defoamers are usually formulated into adhesives to protect users against such difficulties. Additional benefits, such as improved uniformity of products, increased throughput and reduced labor costs can also result from the use of defoamers during adhesive appHcation. The footwear and nonwoven fabric industries are extensive users of defoamers in this way. 

Wire-bound wood boxes (typical loads, 1 to 2 tons) have limited use for chemical produc ts. The box body, consisting of thin wooden slats held in place by steel wire twisted around each at, is fastened to a solid-deck wood pallet. The top also consists of wire-bound wooden pieces. A PE liner protects the product and prevents it from falling through the slats. Disadvantages of the container are the labor needed for setup and the space required for knocked-down boxes. Since manufacturers are usually near sources of hardwood, shipping costs to users may be high lead times of 3 to 4 weeks are common. 

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