Use of force

Actual or threatened assault or violence or use of force at the premises (this relates to the legal definition of robbery). 

The radiant section of an industrial boiler may typically contain only 10 per cent of the total heating surface, yet, because of the large temperature difference, it can absorb 30-50 per cent of the total heat exchange. The mean temperature difference available for heat transfer in the convective section is much smaller. To achieve a thermally efficient yet commercially viable design it is necessary to make full use of forced convection within the constraint of acceptable pressure drop. 

The computational verification and prediction of the conformations (tertiary structures) of polypeptides presents a considerable challenge for theoretical chemists. Attempts towards this goal have so far made use of force field calculations to a large extent. Levitt... 

What had happened in Poland could happen anywhere in the world if the use of force between nations and the peoples of nations was not checked by law. Once armed force had been used —... 

In this section, we give a brief overview of theoretical methods used to perform tribological simulations. We restrict the discussion to methods that are based on an atomic-level description of the system. We begin by discussing generic models, such as the Prandtl-Tomlinson model. Below we explore the use of force fields in MD simulations. Then we discuss the use of quantum chemical methods in tribological simulations. Finally, we briefly discuss multiscale methods that incorporate multiple levels of theory into a single calculation. 

Jorg-Riidiger Hill, Clive M. Freeman, and Lalitha Subramanian, Use of Force Fields in Materials Modeling. 

The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons. 

The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (Federal Bureau of Investigation 1999)... 

Some forms of CBR offer the prospect of winning battles without taking human life or destroying property, and would be preferable to the use of force. Such gentle weapons could defeat us, destroying our way of life as seriously as force. 

Forced ventilation to limit hazardous gas concentrations in the event of a spill or release (the electrical area classification of the area may be contingent on the use of forced ventilation)... 

The ancient civilizations all over the globe used to carry out prodigious mining, quarrying and building projects by the use of forced human labor. The following examples are available in the literature in this regard. 

Although there are laboratory tests that one can perform to quantitate the flow of a fmal lubricated granulation, such as angle of repose and flow time through a funnel 7], they are best used as comparison techniques to choose between two or more formulations. If one considers the many different tablet presses available, the use of force feeders on most modem presses, and the fine-... 

A short introduction on force-displacement curves can be found in Sect. 2. A more detailed review about force-displacement curves and their application is given in [6]. In this section we will focus our attention on the use of force-displacement curves as a lithography tool in comparison to DPL. 

The use of force-displacement curves as a lithography tool presents two important drawbacks ... 

One method to analyze tableting data is the use of force-time or pressure-time diagrams. They are easily recordable since displacement measurement is not necessary. 

The most extensively used method to characterize the tableting process is the use of force and displacement measurements. Usually upper punch force and upper punch displacement are used. Models which relate force and displacement directly can be distinguished from those which analyze pressure and volume. 

Framework Dynamics Including Computer Simulations of the Water Adsorption Isotherm of Zeolite Na-MAP. See also J.-R. Hill, C. M. Freeman, and L. Subramanian, in Reviews in Computational Chemistry, K. B. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd, Eds., Wiley-VCH, New York, 2000, Vol. 16, pp. 141-216. Use of Force Fields in Materials Modeling. The shell model is also discussed by B. van de Graaf, S. L. Njo, and K. S. Smirnov, in Reviews in... 

Perhaps the most striking use of force-clamp spectroscopy so far has been in the study of the effect of force on a chemical reaction [13-15]. While mortars and pestles have been used for thousands of years to catalyze chemical reactions, it had never been possible to examine a molecule undergoing a chemical reaction when placed under a calibrated and vectorially defined force. This has now been achieved by combining protein engineering with force-clamp spectroscopy. Our basic strategy is shown in Fig. 17.7. 

The use of force fields, as described in the preceding section, demands that their potentials be summed over all internal coordinates of the system of interest. Such a summation is straightforward for small molecules. For calculations on large systems (e.g., crystal structures, macromolecules), however, the summation of the long-range nonbonded interactions becomes a problem because their number increases rapidly (as for pair interaction potentials between N particles) with the size of the system. Therefore, one needs methods to minimize the range over which the summation of the nonbonded interactions is performed. 

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