Urethra stones

There is no doubt that calculus formed in organs, such as gallstones, kidney stones, and urethra stones, are not formed as indispensable factors in biological activities, unlike teeth, bones, and shells. Instead, these are products of illness, formed by precipitation in the respective organs during the process of excretion of components formed in unnecessary amounts. Clearly, cooperation with protein is not expected in their formation. A wide variety of crystals are known to exist in living bodies due to these processes. 

Haematuria - may be caused by inflammation of the bladder or urethra due to cystitis but requires further investigation to exclude a kidney stone or a tumour in the bladder or kidney. 

Lower tract infections include cystitis (bladder), urethritis (urethra), prostatitis (prostate gland), and epididymitis. Upper tract infections (such as pyelonephritis) involve the kidney and are referred to as pyelonephritis. Uncomplicated UTIs are not associated with structural or neurologic abnormalities that may interfere with the normal flow of urine or the voiding mechanism. Complicated UTIs are the result of a predisposing lesion of the urinary tract such as a congenital abnormality or distortion of the urinary tract, a stone, indwelling catheter, prostatic hypertrophy, obstruction, or neurologic deficit that interferes with the normal flow of urine and urinary tract defenses. 

The following are medicinal preparations and BAAs investigated for treating illnesses of the urethra (cystitis, enuresis and urine stones) Cyston (India), Urotractin (Italy), Promena (USA), Spasmex (Germany), Urolyzin (Russia), Contrinol (USA), Tonurol (Anti-Enuresis) (Russia), Blemaren (Germany). 

CYSTON (India) - Complex therapy for stones in the bladder, crystallization, infection of the urethra, podagra. 

Stones may form in all parts of the urinary excretory system, from the proximal tubules to the bladder and the urethra. Urinary stones are formed by the precipitation of organic or inorganic compounds normally in solution in the urine. Precipitation results from alterations of the urinary composition or the structure of the linings of the excretory canals. The gross appearance of stones is determined by their location in the urinary tract and by their chemical composition. 

Studies in a London hospital indicate that approximately 55% of the stones are found in the kidney, 20% in the ureteral tract, 22% in the bladder, and less than 3% in the urethra. 

An excessive uptake in soluble silica by cattle, unaccompanied by enough water to remove if from e system, can lead to stones or calculi in the urinary tract (210, 211), esp ially if concentration in the urine exceeds 70-80 ppm (212). Similarly, dogs fed on a diet high in silicate bulking constituents developed siliceous stones in the kidneys, bladders, and urethras (213). 

Fig. 19.9. Urethral stone studied with sonourethrography. Longitudinal scan of the urethra after fluid distension with saline solution reveals the stone (curved arrow) producing occlusion of the urethral lumen...

Ordinarily, small amounts of calcium ions and oxalate ions are excreted in a person s urine, along with tiny crystals of calcium oxalate that may form. In exceptional cases, however, the crystals can lump together to form kidney stones. Kidney stones can block the tubes leading from the kidneys to the urethra. Passing a kidney stone may be extremely painful, and, in some cases, surgery may be required. 

Normally, urinary silicon is eliminated efficiently. However, high levels of silicon in the diet of farm animals may be detrimental. In a manner not yet fully understood, part of it is sometimes deposited in the kidney, bladder, and urethra to form calculi (stones). 

Fig. 6.12. Plain film showing a calcified stone in the posterior urethra (arrow) in a boy complaining of dysuria...

Fig. 18.12. a Infant with posterior urethral valves. There is dilatation of the posterior urethra (arrow) and marked reflux, b Patient developed echogenic area in the lower pole collecting system after valve surgery (curved arrow), c Stone developed at site of Candida ball 1 month after surgery (open arrowhead)... 

---