Upslope

Upslope wind (daytime) due to greater solar heating on the valley s side than... 

Parallel Day 1 South-facing slope is heated—single helix 2 Upslope flow on both heated slopes—double helix... 

Perpendicular Day South-facing slope is heated. 5a North wind—stationary eddy fills valley 5b South wind—eddy suppressed, flow without separation 6 Upslope flow on both heated slopes— stationary eddy on one side of valley... 

Fig. 8-7 Three principal ratios control the style of runoff generation prevalent in a landscape (1) ratio of rainfall intensity to the infiltration capacity of the soil (2) ratio of bedrock conductivity to soil conductivity and (3) the topographic index defined by the ratio of the upslope drainage area to the ground slope. HOF = Horton overland flow SOF = saturation overland flow SSS = subsurface stormflow GWR = groundwater flow.

In regions where land is steadily rising relative to mean sea level, the effects of sea-level fluctuations are sometimes recorded as ero-sional features on land. Whenever the rate of sea-level rise matches the rate of uplift, there is an apparent sea level still stand. Both deposition and erosion are controlled by this almost fixed base level, and a terrace may form. If sea level falls and again rises, the terrace will have risen sufficiently so that it is preserved upslope. Epi-... 

Control plots should be placed upslope and upwind of the treated plots. 

Each site should consist of two plots, as a minumum, one treated per formulation and one untreated. The untreated plot should be positioned upslope (if applicable) and upwind (at application) at least 100 ft from the treated plots to reduce the potential for contamination due to drift. All plots should be uniquely... 

Fig. 2. Schematic of peak purity determination by using the upslope, top, and downslope methods.

A representative example of this process is shown in Fig. 2. The spectra of the analyte peaks can be measured at the upslope, the top, and at the downslope, or the whole spectrum of the chromatography peak can be compared. In the latter case, the term totalpeak purity is used, and a purity curve of the peak can also be recorded. These operations can be performed by a HPLC system equipped with a DAD detector [13], or for TLC a densitometer that can measure the UV-Vis spectrum of the analyte spot should be used. If the value of the purity is 0.000 0.8900, it is not pure, and a purity of 0.9000-0.9500 means that the peak is contaminated (Shimadzu Class-VP, Chromatography Data System). 

The boundaries of surface runoff-producing areas will be dynamic both in and between rainfalls. During a rainfall, area boundaries will migrate upslope as rainwater input increases. In dry summer months, the runoff-producing area will be closer to the stream than during wetter winter months, when the boundaries expand away from the stream channel. 

With point sources, particularly when they occur on areas with significant slope, there is a tendency to assume that the contamination is all downslope. Most of it will be, but contamination both upslope and to the sides is also likely. Transects that take these areas into account must be made. 

In the mountains, differential heating during the day causes upslope winds, which move up both sides of a valley, and upvalley winds that blow along the valley. During the night, the directions reverse to downslope and downvalley winds (Geiger, 1965 Fig. 1.3). 

Figure 11.28 shows similar data for measurements made at Idaho Hill, Colorado, in the fall of 1993 (Williams et al., 1997). Measurements were made of NO, N02, PAN, PPN, HN03, and particulate nitrate, as well as total NO. Two sets of meteorological conditions were encountered, one where the wind was downslope and from the west where there were few sources nearby, and one where the wind was upslope, carrying pollutants from urban areas to the east. Figure 11.28a shows that for upslope air masses from the east with relatively fresh emissions, the sum of the measured compounds accounts, within experimental error, for the total NOy. The average ratio of NOy/total NOy was 1.06 + 0.15. On the other hand, during periods with cleaner, downslope air from the west (which has also had more time to react), the sum of the individual compounds frequently does not add up to the total measured NOy (Fig. 11.28b). The deficit ranges...

Easterly upslope flow Westerly downslope flow... 

In recent years, the effect of buffers on the major metabolites of herbicides has begun to receive attention. Gay et al. (2006) monitored atrazine and three major degradation products in groundwater, soil, and runoff water for 11 months after application to a 0.1 ha strip immediately upslope from a restored forested riparian buffer in southern Georgia. Removal efficiency from groundwater (84.2-99.5%), surface runoff water (92-100%), and surface runoff sediment (67.4-92.0%) was significant for all four compounds (ranges in parentheses). 

Similarly about midmorning, the head of valleys are heated with respect to the base which promotes air flow up the major axis of the valley (Figure A, c). Usually this flow starts after the slope flows. However, both depend upon the orientation of the valley and the vegetation cover. The upslope or upvalley flows are usually turbulent. 

Final structural proof of Hez-PBAN came irom demonstration of identical properties of both the isolated native and synthetic Hez-PBAN disulfoxides. Synthetic Hez-PBAN was oxidized to its disulfoxide by the method of Wagner and Fraser (9) Both native Hez-PBAN and synthetic Hez-PBAN disulfoxide demonstrated identical retention times. In addition, the elution profile of a mfacture of equal amounts of native and synthetic Hez-PBAN disulfoxides displayed one peak under the conditions of RP-HPLC Step D. Superimposition of its normalized upslope, apex, and downslope UV spectra indicated peak homogeneity. 

Carmthers, J. N., Gogate, S. S., Naidu, J. R., and Laevastu, T. (1959). Shoreward upslope of the layer of minimum oxygen off Bombay Its influence on marine biology, especially fisheries. Nature 183, 1084-1087. 

When winds move upslope, the air expands and cools ten degrees Celsius per kilometer or five and a half degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet. When moist air is lifted it cools at the same rate as dry air until the temperature falls to the dew point, at which point water vapor begins to condense to form clouds. When winds move downslope, the air temperature increases ten degrees Celcius per kilometer or five and a half degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet, and lateral expansion of this heated air increases the wind velocity. In the Los Angeles area, these hot dry winds are called Santa Anna winds. Such winds have other local names over many regions of the earth. 

Peak purity analysis software allows users to sample spectra at equidistant points across an HPLC peak. In general, the poorer the resolution between potentially coeluting peaks is, the more desirable it is to use greater numbers of data points to detect the impurity. Traditionally, spectra have been sampled upslope, at the apex, and downslope of the eluted peak. This selection pattern may overlook the presence of impurities near the peak extremities. However, acquisition of many spectra may increase calculation and display time without adding significant information. 

---