Universal Linkage System

Ultramicroelectrode e363, e372 Ultrasonic extraction 598 Ultra-thin structures 100 Universal Linkage System 608, 615, 627, 635, e260 Urea 103, 368 sensor e271... 

PCR products are labelled with the Universal Linkage System (ULS ) [3] using the Fluorescein ULS labelling kit from Fermentas Life Sciences. The procedure is as follows ... 

Universal Linkage System (ULS) Platinum-based chemistry for producing bright, fluorophore-labeled hybridization probes 42... 

Linkage of enzyme and antibody by auxiliary molecules provides a potentially universal and variable number of systems for use in bioassays. The most common linkage system involves the recognition of biotin by avidin, or more commonly streptavidin (due to its higher affinity for biotin), although the use of staphylococcal protein A can be used for some antibody isotypes (11). An alternative system, but one that is not often used, involves liposomes loaded with enzyme that has antibody molecules on its surface (49). 

J. Gamble, "The Effects on Ridgidity as a Function of Para Ethynylphenoxy Linkages in an Acetylene Terminated Thermosetting System," (M.S. Dissertation), Wright State University, 1981. 

Derivatives of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, and related compounds are very important in biological systems. Pyrophosphoric acid is an anhydride of phosphoric acid. Adenosine triphosphate, an energy carrier that is universally found in living organisms, has a phosphorus dianhydride connected to an adenosine group by a phosphate ester linkage. Phosphorus ester bonds are used to form the polymeric backbone of DNA (see Chapter 27). 

There are excellent HPLC systems available on the market today, yet there is one area of concern with this instrumentation, and this rests with the detection units. Certainly the most widely used detector system employs a low dead-volume micro-ultraviolet detector. This latter unit operates near 200 nm and detects mainly unsaturated linkages in phospholipids (or lipid) samples. Some contribution by carbonyl functions can be expected. This approach is an advantage when the sample under study contains olefinic groups, but will not detect those with saturated side (hydrocarbon) chains. An alternative detector is the refractive index monitor which is often called a universal detector, since it is based on the concept that the refractive index of the solvent changes when a solute is present. The drawback of the latter unit lies in its sensitivity, which is approximately 15- to 20-fold less than that of the ultraviolet monitor. 

The Director of Industrial Programs at Stanford University s Center for Integrated Systems discusses the role of the university in the development of manpower resources in computer technology, and opportunities in university-industry linkages. 

Associations between entity types are referred to as relationships. These are the links that exist between the data entities and tie together the system s data. An association usually means that an event has occurred or that some natmal linkage exists between the entity types. For example, an order is associated with an invoice, or a customer is associated with accounts receivable instances. Usually the relationship is named with a meaningful verb phase that describes the relationship between the entities. The relationship can then be read from one entity to the other across the relationship. Figure 8 shows a simple ERD for a system in a university environment. 

This chapter has illustrated the importance of the (3-mannosidic linkage within biological systems, and problems encountered with its synthesis. A number of chemical preparative methods have been compared, but it is obvious that there is no one, ideal method of universal utility. As with all carbohydrate chemistry, a careful assessment of the proposed preparative route must be performed before a specific technique for the incorporation of the 3-mannosidic linkage is selected and pursued. 

M. R. Hubbard, Computer Systems for Medical Record Linkage, Thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science, p. 157, University of Oxford, Magdalen College (1969). 

---