United Kingdom concentration

The success has been primarily due to the developments that occurred in the eady 1970s (3) at the University of Dundee (United Kingdom) where it was demonstrated that a device-quaUty amorphous siUcon semiconductor (i -Si) could be produced with the following features low concentration of defects, high photosensitivity, abiUty to be doped, and no size limitation. 

The market for tar-based road binders has declined considerably for a variety of reasons. Less cmde tar is available and the profits from the sales of electrode pitch and wood-preservation creosote or creosote as carbon-black feedstock are higher than those from road tar. In most industrial countries, road constmction in more recent years has been concentrated on high speed motorways. Concrete, petroleum bitumen, or lake asphalt are used in the constmction of these motorways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the use of tar products in road making and maintenance had fallen from 330,000 t in 1960 to 100,000 t in 1975 and is less than 100 t in 1994, mainly based on low temperature pitch which is not suitable for electrode or briquetting binders, but which is perfectly satisfactory as the basis for road binders. 

Proof. The alcohoHc concentration of beverage spirits is expressed in terms of proof in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 

U.S. regulations define this standard as foUows proof spirit shaU be held to be that alcohoHc Hquor which contains one-half its volume of alcohol of a specific gravity of 0.7939 at 15.6°C ie, the figure for proof is always twice the percent alcohol content by volume. For example, 100° proof means 50% alcohol by volume. In the United Kingdom as weU as Canada, proof spirit is such that at 10.6°C alcohol weighs exactiy twelve-thirteenths of the weight of an equal bulk of distiUed water. A proof of 87.7° indicates an alcohol concentration of 50%. A conversion factor of 1.142 can be used to change British proof to U.S. proof. 

A second source of plutonium, dispersed more locally, is liquid effluent from fuel reprocessing facilities. One such is the fuel reprocessing plant at Windscale, Cumbria in the United Kingdom where liquid waste is released to the Irish Sea(6). Chemical analysis of this effluent shows that about one percent or less of the plutonium is in an oxidized form before it contacts the marine water(7). Approximately 95 percent of the plutonium rapidly adsorbs to particulate matter after discharge and deposits on the seabed while 5 percent is removed from the area as a soluble component ). Because this source provided concentrations that were readily detected, pioneering field research into plutonium oxidation states in the marine environment was conducted at this location. 

Rees, H.L., Waldock, R., and Matthiessen, P. et al. (2001). Improvements in the epifauna of the Crouch Estuary (United Kingdom) following a decline in TBT concentrations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 137-144. 

Delves HT, Diaper SJ. Oppert 5, Peescott-Ciarke P, Periam J, Dong W, Golhoun H, Gom-PERTZ D (1996) Blood lead concentrations in United Kingdom have fallen substantially since 1984. Brit Med J 313 883-884. 

There are obviously higher values in Scandinavia than in southern Europe and in many local areas such as Cornwall in the United Kingdom (Cliff et al., 1987) there are some substantially higher concentration areas. In Sweden there is a clear effect of alum shale concrete on indoor radon levels both from the perspective of increasing the concentrations indoors, but also because of an increased percentage of the population living in houses of such construction (Swedjemark et al., 1987). Thus, the largest fraction of people live in houses with radon concentrations below 110 Bq/nr. 

Our PBDE results were consistent with reported data for river sediments. PBDEs were determined in Swedish river sediments at 8-50 ng/g dw [29]. Similar values were found in Japanese river sediments, with concentration levels between 21 and 59 ng/g dw [30]. Higher levels up to 1,400 ng/g dw were found in a downstream area of a manufacturing plant in United Kingdom [31] and at 120 ng/g dw downstream of an area with textile industries [29]. As regards data for HBCD, Sellstrom et al. [29] reported concentration levels between nd and 1,600 ng/g dw in river sediments from a Swedish river with numerous textile industries. 

Concentrations of zinc in sediments and soils usually do not exceed 200 mg/kg, but can range between 3 and 118 g/kg as a result of human activities (Table 9.3). Atmospheric zinc levels were almost always <1 pg/m3, although they tended to be higher over industrialized areas (Goyer 1986). Average zinc concentrations, in pg/m3 atmosphere, were <0.001 at the South Pole, 0.01 to 0.02 in rural areas of the United States, <0.01 to 0.84 in U.S. cities, and 0.06 to 0.35 at various locations in the United Kingdom (Elinder 1986). 

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