Ultrasound-assisted cell disruption

The effects of US on surviving cells may include structural changes and interactions with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [83]. The biological effects observed in vitro include fragmentation of cell membranes caused by the collapse of cavitation bubbles, microstreaming near the boundary layer and formation of radicals, which promote chemical reactions leading to wall decomposition [84]. Carstensen et al. [85] found the extent of cell disruption to be inversely proportional to the cell concentration. 

Another use of cell disruption as a step in the analytical process is for obtaining a suspension of single cells — that can be used under optimal fermentation conditions — by ultrasonic disruption of cells manufactured in active dry wine yeast. Their potential was confirmed by comparing the elution profiles of non-sonicated and sonicated yeast sample dispersions obtained using two different field flow fractionation techniques [88]. 

Seber colloid mill 50 Relatively simple Energy dissipation — suspension heating 

Ball mill shakers 90 High efficiency, relatively simple Energy-intensive 

High pressure homogenization 85 High efficiency, low energy levels Complicated 

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The latest studies analyzing the mechanisms of contact ultrasound-assisted mass transfer have revealed that ultrasound-related cell disruption is limited to the thin layer of tissue that is in direct contact with the vibrating surface. In any tissue layers deeper than 1 mm, the structural changes that occur are attributed to water removal moreover, ultrasound can enhance such water removal as a result of mechanical effects that can loosen cell-boundary layers, and remove moisture from solid-liquid interfaces. The transport of moisture through the pore network can also be increased, and low-pressure cycles vhll enable an improved evaporation in the tissues. 

Parameter optimization in efficient processes is much more difficult when ultrasound is transmitted using liquids, as in the case of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration. The strong physical and chemical effects of cavitation can easily cause cell disruption, with an associated loss of tissue firmness, leakage, and oxidation. 

The irradiation of a system with sound waves (usually ultrasound). Often used to disrupt cell membranes and in early steps in protein purification, it should also be noted that sonication can increase rates of reaction as well as assist in the preparation of vesicles. 

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