Type of Disorder

It is common practice to divide all high-conductivity electrolytes into two classes, namely those with intrinsic and extrinsic disorder. However, it is suggested that a more detailed classification might include four classes 

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Figure 14a. Although our values are not in quantitative agreement with the experimental values (see Ref. 50 for a discussion), they faithfully reproduce the well-known observation that the disorder increases from the tops of the chains toward the middle of the bilayer, with a more pronounced increase in the last few carbons of the chain. The. S cd represent different types of disorder, including chain conformational defects and whole molecule wobbling [67].

The experimental determination of the relationship between the electronic concentration and the partial pressure or activity of a component is commonly the best method to determine the type of disorder in a material. 

The type of disorder may be determined by conductivity measurements of electronic and ionic defects as a function of the activity of the neutral mobile component [3]. The data are commonly plotted as Brouwer diagrams of the logarithm of the concentration of all species as a function of the logarithm of the activity of the neutral mobile component. The slope is fitted to the assumption of a specific defect-type model. 

To further our understanding of the behavior of unfolded proteins, it is necessary to employ experimental techniques able to discriminate between the dynamic true random coil state and more static types of disorder, including situations in which some ordered secondary structure may also be present. One such technique is a novel chiroptical... 

The notion of point defects in an otherwise perfect crystal dates from the classical papers by Frenkel88 and by Schottky and Wagner.75 86 The perfect lattice is thermodynamically unstable with respect to a lattice in which a certain number of atoms are removed from normal lattice sites to the surface (vacancy disorder) or in which a certain number of atoms are transferred from the surface to interstitial positions inside the crystal (interstitial disorder). These forms of disorder can occur in many elemental solids and compounds. The formation of equal numbers of vacant lattice sites in both M and X sublattices of a compound M0Xft is called Schottky disorder. In compounds in which M and X occupy different sublattices in the perfect crystal there is also the possibility of antistructure disorder in which small numbers of M and X atoms are interchanged. These three sorts of disorder can be combined to give three hybrid types of disorder in crystalline compounds. The most important of these is Frenkel disorder, in which equal numbers of vacancies and interstitials of the same kind of atom are formed in a compound. The possibility of Schottky-antistructure disorder (in which a vacancy is formed by... 

Manic-depressive illness connotes a psychotic disorder of affect that occurs episodically without external cause. In endogenous depression (melancholia), mood is persistently low. Mania refers to the opposite condition (p. 234). Patients may oscillate between these two extremes with interludes of normal mood. Depending on the type of disorder, mood swings may alternate between the two directions (bipolar depression, cyclothymia) or occur in only one direction (unipolar depression). 

However, in recent years this basis has been somewhat undermined due to a critical reappraisal of experimental data on the benzene structure which, surprisingly, showed that a rigorous experimental proof of the generally accepted D6h structure of benzene is actually nonexistent It turned out that the X-ray structural data for benzene are compatible not only with the crystallographically ordered Dbh structure but also with the disordered Dih model associated with superposition of Kekule-type benzene molecules rotated by 60° with respect to each other about the threefold axis, both static and dynamic types of disorder being conceivable [87AG(E)782]. It has been shown by very simple calculations that if the difference between the C—C and C=C bond lengths in the D3h form is... 

If there is a relationship between depression and anxiety, it is not surprising that certain drugs work to treat both. Ample evidence from both humans and animals suggests that the serotonergic system is altered in both types of disorders, and SSRI use is effective in the treatment of both disorders. It should be noted, however, that people who exhibit both disorders tend to be sicker for longer than those with only one disorder, and patients who have comorbid anxiety and depression do not respond as well to SSRI treatments. 

Before the idea of anxiety disorders in children was established, studies tended to focus on behaviors that suggested an anxiety disorder. Much research prior to 1980 investigated the effects of certain medications on children and teens who refused to go to school. This refusal could be rooted in several types of disorders, including phobia, social anxiety disorder, and depression. 

When downward-draining formulas are used to treat acute abdominal syndromes, such as acute intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis and pancreatitis, it is also important to remember that these herbs are only suitable for certain periods in the whole pathological process of the disease, or certain types of disorder. These formulas should only be prescribed by doctors after modern medical examination. 

These herbs can invigorate blood and promote blood circulation. They are warm in nature. The herbs in this group are used widely in different types of disorder caused by blood stagnation. Most are effective for relieving pain and some can be used topically. 

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