Turbulence hydrogenation

Ma, A.S.C., Sun, R.L.T. and Spalding, D.B. (1982), Application of ESCIMO to the turbulent hydrogen-air diffusion flame, 19th Combustion Symposium, Haifa. 

J. P. Gore, S.-M. Jeng, and G. M. Faeth, Spectral and Total Radiation Properties of Turbulent Hydrogen/Air Diffusion Flames, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 110, pp. 173-181,1987. 

Flames in the crossflow can exist in numerous shapes depending on the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio, Brzustowski s research team at the University of Waterloo studied turbulent hydrogen and hydrocarbon flames in crossflow and presented flame shapes, trajectories, and correlations for flame length in a series of papers [2,10,47-51]. As noted before, at low values of R the flame stabilizes in the wake of the burner. At these conditions, due to the intense mixing between the jet... 

Chen, J.Y., Chang, W.C., Koszykowski, M. Numerical simulation and scaling of NOx emissions from turbulent hydrogen jet flames with various amounts of helium dilution. Combust Sci. Technol. Ill, 505-529 (1995)... 

Two main operational variables that differentiate the flotation of finely dispersed coUoids and precipitates in water treatment from the flotation of minerals is the need for quiescent pulp conditions (low turbulence) and the need for very fine bubble sizes in the former. This is accompHshed by the use of electroflotation and dissolved air flotation instead of mechanically generated bubbles which is common in mineral flotation practice. Electroflotation is a technique where fine gas bubbles (hydrogen and oxygen) are generated in the pulp by the appHcation of electricity to electrodes. These very fine bubbles are more suited to the flotation of very fine particles encountered in water treatment. Its industrial usage is not widespread. Dissolved air flotation is similar to vacuum flotation. Air-saturated slurries are subjected to vacuum for the generation of bubbles. The process finds limited appHcation in water treatment and in paper pulp effluent purification. The need to mn it batchwise renders it less versatile. 

GASFLOW models geometrically complex containments, buildings, and ventilation systems with multiple compartments and internal structures. It calculates gas and aerosol behavior of low-speed buoyancy driven flows, diffusion-dominated flows, and turbulent flows dunng deflagrations. It models condensation in the bulk fluid regions heat transfer to wall and internal stmetures by convection, radiation, and condensation chemical kinetics of combustion of hydrogen or hydrocarbon.s fluid turbulence and the transport, deposition, and entrainment of discrete particles. 

Pfortner (1985) reports experiments with hydrogen in a lane, 10 m long and 3 X 3 m in cross section, in which a fan was used to produce turbulence. In these experiments, a transition to detonation occurred at high fan speeds. 

This is valid for the same degree of gas mixture turbulence and the same ignition source and is illustrated in Figure 7-58. Influence of the vessel shape is shown in Figure 7-56. The behavior of propane is considered representative of most flammable vapors including many solvents [54]. The maximum explosion pressure does not follow the cubic law and is almost independent of the volume of a vessel greater than 1 liter. For propane, town gas, and hydrogen, the volume relationship can be expressed ... 

The effects of turbulence must be taken into account when sizing a relief area. For example, the explosion violence of turbulent methane-air mixture is comparable to that of zero turbulence of hydrogen-air mi.xtures. From the investigations [54], the nomograms from Figure 7-63 can be applied for turbulent gas mixtures under the following conditions [54] ... 

Vessels with internal components may be susceptible to turbulence in the gas mixture, which can lead to detonations, which are not covered by this procedure. Hydrogen is particularly railnerable to detonations therefore, for such systems, a specialized expert should be consulted. The details of NFPA-68 should also be consulted as there are many factors that must be recognized. Also see reference [54]. 

D. Escudi4 P- Paranthoen, and M. Trinite 1983, Modification of turbulent tiow-field by an oblique premixed hydrogen-air flame, in Flames, Laser and Reactive Systems (selected papers from the Eighth International Colloquium on Gasdynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, AIAA Inc. publishers, pp. 147-163. 

M.S. Wu, S. Kwon,J. Driscoll, andG.M. Faeth 1990, Turbulent premixed hydrogen-air flames at high Reynolds numbers. Combust. Set. Technol. 73(l-3) 327-350. 

When solid body rotation is assumed in the CE (model B), the degree of differential rotation at its base is too low to trigger efficient shear-induced turbulence between the outer part of the hydrogen burning shell (HBS) and the CE (solid lines in Fig. la). On the contrary, in our model C the differential rotation... 

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