Turbidity maximum

Biggs, R.B., Sharp, J.H., Church, T.M., and Tramontano, J.M. (1983) Optical properties, suspended sediments, and chemistry associated with the turbidity maxima of the Delaware estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40, 172-179. 

Festa, J.F., and Hansen, D.V. (1978) Turbidity maxima in partially mixed estuaries A two-dimensional numerical model. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 7, 347-359. 

Kappenberg, J., and Grabemann, I. (2001) Variability of the mixing zones and estuarine turbidity maxima in the Elbe and Weser Estuaries. Estuaries 24, 699-706. 

CH4 levels up to 20,000% supersaturated have been observed in estuaries and finked to turbidity maxima (Upstill-Goddard et al.,... 

With regards to solid phase, most of the estuaries are characterized by a "turbidity maximum". The fresh water flow generates an entrainment from the bottom water, the sea water which is entrained from the lower layer by this flow being compensated by a residual landward flow along the bottom. The river-borne particles which settle in this bottom layer are taken up by the residual landward current and trapped in the middle part of the estuary. This process greatly enhances the residence time of particles, especially in tidal estuaries. 

The estuaries chosen for the studies were the Gironde and Loire estuaries (France) both caracterized by relatively long flushing and residence times (Martin, Mouchel and Thomas, 1984) as well as by a well developped turbidity maximum. Their general characteristics have been described previously (Allen, 1972 Barbaroux, 1980 Elbaz-Poulichet et al., 1982, 1984). 

For small particles the specific turbidity increased with dilution which was explained by decreased intensity loss from the primary and scattered beams due to particle turbidity. For certain particles of a size around the first turbidity maximum where the scattering is strongest, the specific turbidity decreased with dilution as the stray light from multiple scattering decreased. 

Estuarine Turbidity Maximum, Benthic Boundary Layer, and Fluid Muds... 

Columbia estuary, in the estuarine turbidity maximum. (Modified from Klinkhammer and McManus, 2001.)... 

The partitioning of trace metals between the dissolved and particulate fractions in estuaries can be affected by variability in river flow, tidal and wind energy, storms, coagulation, and flocculation in the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), resuspension events (of sediments and porewaters), and inputs from wetland and mudflat processes. 

Estuarine turbidity maximum a region where the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations are considerably higher (10-100 times) than in adjacent river or coastal end-members in estuaries. 

Abril, G., Riou, S.A., Etcheber, H., Frankigoulle, M., deWitt, R., and Middelburg, J.J. (2000) Transient, tidal time-scale, nitrogen transformations in an estuarine turbidity maximum-fluid mud system (The Gironde, south-west France). Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 50, 703-715. 

Baross, J.A., Crump B., and Simenstad, C.A. (1994) Elevated microbial loop activities in the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maximum. In Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries Implications from Science to Management (Dyer, K.R., and Orth, R.J., eds.), pp. 459 -64, Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark. 

Sanford, L., and E.M. Smith. (1997) Interactions between physics and biology in estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) of Chesapeake Bay, USA. CM 1997/S 11. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

Brenon, I., and Le Hir, P. (1999) Modelling the turbidity maximum in the Seine estuary (France) Identification of formation processes. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 49, 525-544. 

Geyer, W.R. (1993) The importance of suppression of turbulence by stratification on the estuarine turbidity maximum. Estuaries 16, 113-125. 

Kistner, D.A., and Pettigrew, N.R. (2001) A variable turbidity maximum in the Kennebec Estuary, Maine. Estuaries 24, 680-687. 

Lin, J., and Kuo, A.Y. (2001) Secondary turbidity maximum in a partially mixed microtidal estuary. Estuaries 24, 707-720. 

Nichols, M.N. (1974) Development of the turbidity maximum in the Rappahannock estuary, Summary. Mem. Inst. Geol. Bassin d Aquitaine. 7, 19-25. 

North, E.W. and Houde, E.D. (2001) Retention of white perch and striped bass larvae biological-physical interactions in Chesapeake Bay estuarine turbidity maximum. Estuaries 24, 756-769. 

Schubel, J.R. (1968) Turbidity maximum of the northern Chesapeake Bay. Science 161, 1013-1015. 

Schubel, J.R. (1971) Tidal variation of the size distribution of suspended sediment at a station in the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum. Neth. J. Sea Res. 5, 252-266. 

Uncles, C.M., Lavender, S.J., and Stephens, J.A. (2001) Remotely sensed observations of the turbidity maximum in the high turbid Humber Estuary, UK. Estuaries 24, 745-755. 

Uncles, R.L., Barton, M.L., and Stephens, J.A. (1994) Seasonal variability of fine-sediment concentrations in the turbidity maximum region of the Tamar Estuary. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 38, 19-39. 

The results on foam stability in systems containing different octane amounts at HLB = 11.8 are presented in Fig. 7.21. The systems with 20% and 25% octane were transparent, these with 15% were slightly opalescent and these with 10% and 30% were turbid. Maximum foam stability was observed for the systems with 25% octane which had the highest viscosity (33 to 35 I O 3 Pas). 

Figure 2 The fraction of metal in the dissolved phase (fd) as a function of the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). The bands at the top of the diagram represent the general ranges of SPM concentrations from the open ocean through to the estuarine turbidity maximum zone (TMZ). The numbers next to the lines are values of the partition coefficients, Kb, used to estimate the value of Metals are associated with their typical Kd values and are shown next to the appropriate line.

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