Tryptophan decarboxylase

This enzyme [EC 4.1.1.28] (also referred to as DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, and hydroxy-... 

Indole alkaloids Tryptophane decarboxylase Catharanthus roseus Camptotheca acuminata... 

De Luca, V., Marineau, C. and Brisson, N. 1989. Molecular cloning and analysis of cDNA encoding a plant tryptophan decarboxylase Comparison with animal dopa... 

Songstad, D. D., De Luca, V., Brisson, N., Kurz, W. G. W. and Nessler, C. L. 1990. High Levels of tryptamine accumulation in Transgenic tobacco expressing tryptophan decarboxylase. Plant Physiology, 94 1410-1413. 

Ouwerkerk, P. B. F., Hallard, D., Verpoorte, R., and Memelink, J., Identification of UV-B light-responsive regions in the promoter of the tryptophan decarboxylase gene from Catharanthus roseus, Plant Mol. Biol., 41, 491, 1999. 

Fig. 3. Biosynthesis of TIAs in C. roseus. Solid arrows indicate single enzymatic conversions, whereas dashed arrows indicate multiple enzymatic conversions. AS Anthranilate synthase, DXS D-l-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase G10H geraniol 10-hydroxylase CPR cytochrome P450 reductase TDC tryptophan decarboxylase STR strictosidine synthase SGD strictosidine /1-D-glucosidase D4H desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase DAT acetyl-CoA 4-O-deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyl transferase. Genes regulated by ORCA3 are underlined. Reprinted with permission from [91]. Copyright (2000) American Association for the Advancement of Science...

Figure 7.7 The relative location of c/s-elements and putative transcriptional regulators on the tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), strictosidine synthase (STR), and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene promotors from Catharanthus roseus. The black box represents elements responsive to elicitor, jasmonate, or UV light. The white box represents a G-box motif, whereas the striped box represents a GCC-box element.

LOPEZ-MEYER, M., NESSLER, C.L., Tryptophan decarboxylase is encoded by two autonomously regulated genes in Camptotheca acuminata which are... 

EILERT, U., DE LUCA, V., CONSTABEL, F., KURZ, W.G.W., Elicitor-mediated induction of tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase activities in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Arch Biochem. Biophys., 1987, 254,491-497. 

CANEL, C., LOPES-CARDOSO, M.I., WH1TMER, S VAN DER FITS, L., PASQUALI, G., VAN DER HEIJDEN, R HOGE, J.H., VERPOORTE, R., Effects of over-expression of strictosidine synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase on alkaloid production by cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Planta, 1998,205, 414-419. 

STEVENS, L.H., BLOM, T.J.M., VERPOORTE, R., Subcellular localization of tryptophan decarboxylase, strictosidine synthase and strictosidine glucosidase in suspension cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus and Tabemaemontana divaricata. Plant Cell Rep., 1993,12, 563-576. 

Fig. 8.1 Sequence of reactions and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. The dotted lines indicate multiple and/or uncharacterized enzyme steps. Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), Geraniol Hydroxylase (GH), Deoxyloganin synthase (DS), Secologanin Synthase (SLS) Strictosidine synthase (STR1), Strictosidine glucosidase (SG), Tabersonine-16-hydroxylase (T16H), Tabersonine 6,7-eposidase (T6,7E), Desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase (D4H), Deacetyl-vindoline-4-O-acetyltransferase (DAT) and Minovincinine-19-O-acetyltransferase (MAT) represent some of the enzyme steps that have been characterized.

Tryptamine has been identified as a native compound in tomato,132 and the gene encoding tryptophan decarboxylase has been isolated from Catharanthus roseus,133 Plants grown on deuterium oxide incorporated more label into tryptamine than IAA, which was consistent with the result expected for a precursor of IAA. IAOx may be a YUCCA pathway intermediate for IAA biosynthesis in A. thaliana, and perhaps in rice and maize as well however, no enzyme has yet been identified for the conversion of A-hydroxyl tryptamine to IAOx. Because tryptamine is not a compound universally present in plants69 and deuterium oxide labeling ruled out tryptamine as an intermediate in tomato,132 the pathway would have to be species-specific. 

Figure 1.3 Several pathways of secondary metabolites derive from precursors in the shikimate pathway. Abbreviation NPAAs, non-protein amino acids PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase STS, strictosidine synthase CHS, chalcone synthase. (See Plate 2 in colour plate section.)...

Indole alkaloids are derived from tr)y)tophan, which is formed in the shiki-mate pathway. In the case of the terpenoid indoles, tryptophan is usually first converted to tiyptamine by the enzyme tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) (Fig. 2.9). This enz)une occurs in the cytosol and has been detected in all parts of the developing seedling and in cell cultures of C. roseus (De Luca, 1993). If appears to be a pyridoxoquinoprotein, as two molecules of pyridoxal phosphafe and two molecules of covalently bound pyrroloquinoline quinone were found per enz)une molecule (Pennings et al, 1989). A tdc cDNA clone has been isolafed by immunoscreening of a C. roseus cDNA expression library (De... 

Figure 2.9 Enzymic formation of ajmalicine. TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase STS, strictosidine synthase STG, strictosidine glucosidase POD, peroxidase.

Fernandez, J.A., Owen, T.G., Kurz, W.G.W. and De Luca, V. (1989) Immunological detection and quantitation of tryptophan decarboxylase in developing Catharanthus roseus seedlings. Plant Physiol, 91, 79-84. 

Goddijn, O.J.M. (1992) Regulation of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catha-ranthus roseus the tryptophan decarboxylase gene. Ph.D. Thesis, Leiden University. 

Pennings, E.J.M., Groen, B.W., Duine, J.A. and Verpoorte, R. (1989) Tryptophan decarboxylase from Catharanthus roseus is a pyridoxo-quinoprotein. FEBS Lett., 255, 97-100. 

Roewer, LA., Cloutier, N., Nessler, C.L. and De Luca, V. (1992) Transient induction of tryptophan decarboxylase (TEXT) and strictosidine synthase (SS) genes in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Rep., 11, 86-9. 

Keywords chemotaxonomy patchy distribution biosynthesis genes horizontal gene transfer endophytes evolution tryptophan decarboxylase tyrosine decarboxylase phenylalanine ammonia-lyase chalcone synthase strictosidine synthase berberine bridge enzyme codeine reductase... 

Figure 7.16 Phylogenetic relationships in key enzymes of pathways leading to SM, based on amino acid sequences, (a) Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). (b) Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyrDC). (c) Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC). (d) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values.

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