True negative

The anticatalytic effect of nitrous acid in nitration The effect of nitrous acid was first observed for zeroth-order nitrations in nitromethane ( 3.2). The effect was a true negative catalysis the kinetic order was not affected, and nitrous acid was neither consumed nor produced by the nitration. The same was true for nitration in acetic acid. In the zeroth-order nitrations the rate depended on the reciprocal of the square root of the concentration of nitrous acid =... 

The first three characteristics are considered to be the positive symptoms of the disorder. The fourth are described as negative symptoms although they can be divided into true negative symptoms, i.e. diminished emotions and speech and reactive ones, i.e. social apathy and withdrawal brought on by the positive symptoms. Schizophrenics do not have a split personality. Normally their reaction to the positive symptoms is to withdraw quietly but occasionally they will react violently to the voices they hear and shout at them. 

True negative rate probability that the test result is negative when the analyte is not present, A (i.e. equal or below the specification limit, respectively)... 

In clinical chemistry and medical diagnostics the true positive rate is called sensitivity rate and the true negative rate specificity rate (O Rangers and Condon [2000]) without any relation to the general definition of the terms sensitivity and specificity and their use in analytical chemistry (see Sects. 7.2 and 7.3). 

Table 4.3. Scheme of test results for screening procedures tp true positive,)p false positive, tn true negative, fn false negative, n total number of tests...

PPR is the probability of obtaining positive responses, TPR true positive rate (Eq. 4.48), TNR true negative rate (Eq. 4.49), FPR false positive rate (Eq. 4.50), FNR false negative rate (Eq. 4.51), X/ and xu are the lower and upper limits of the unreliability region... 

These are well-known classification parameters true positive rate (p ), false positive rate (pnx), true negative rate (qnx), and false negative rate (qK). They can be easily obtained from the previous computations where we calculated the number of taxon and nontaxon members in each interval. For example, to calculate the true positive rate, we sum the number of taxon members in intervals above the hitmax, plus half of taxon members in the hitmax interval and divide this by the total number of taxon members in the sample. To calculate the false negative rate, we sum number of taxon members in intervals below the hitmax, plus half of the taxon members in the hitmax interval and divide this by the total number of taxon members in the sample. 

Specificity the ratio of true negatives to total inactives ... 

The term capillary action describes the upward movement of a fluid as a result of surface tension through pore spaces. The fluid can rise until the lifting forces are balanced by gravitational pull (see Figure 3.28). The rise of fluid in a small tube above the water table surface, as previously discussed in Chapter 3, can be described using Equation 3.13. Lifting of fluids above the water table is a true negative pressure compared with atmospheric pressure (also described as soil suction). In soil situa-... 

This is not a proper use of the phrase false positive. In bioassay terms, a result is said to be a false negative when a true positive effect is missed, and a false positive when a true negative effect is reported as positive. A cancer effect at an MTD is not a true false... 

Of course, the first and last outcomes are desired, whereas the second and third outcomes are not. Quality assessment of any binary method requires simultaneous assessment of two method properties (1) its ability to alarm when a true positive is encountered, and (2) its ability to avoid alarming when a true negative is encountered. For a given set of N test samples of known class used to evaluate the method, these properties are most commonly conveyed using the metrics sensitivity and specificity, respectively ... 

Where A tp is the number of true positives, A/pw is the number of false negatives, A/jn is the number of true negatives, A pp is the number of false positives, and N = A/pp + AlpN + A/tn + A fp- Sensitivity and specificity are often expressed as either fractional quantities ranging from 0 to 1, or percentage quantities ranging up to 100%. In either case, 1.0 or 100% for both metrics indicates perfect method performance. 

A dipole and its scalar potential thus represent a true negative resistor system of the most fundamental kind. The dipole continually receives EM energy in unusable form (reactive power, which cannot perform real work), converts it to usable form (real power, which can perform real work), and outputs it as usable, real EM energy flow (real power) in 3-space. 

This quote is from p. 281 of Ref. 46. We comment that point-contact transistors can be easily developed into true negative resistors enabling COP > 1.0 circuits.) The point-contact transistor was simply bypassed by advancing to other transistor types more easily manufactured and with less manufacturing variances. 

The charge, scalar potential, and dipole are all true negative 4-resistors of extraordinary magnitude. They order the virtual state energy flux of the vacuum, and bridge the gap between virtual and observable state, extending into the entire macroscopic universe level. 

This appears to be the first magnetic process that is a proven true negative resistance process, where negative resistance process is defined as a process whereby electromagnetic energy is continuously and freely received in unusable form, converted into usable form, and continuously output in usable form. 

Broken 3-space symmetry initiates jump to 4-space symmetry between complex plane and real plane. Energy flow is now conserved in 4-space, but not in 3-space. This is the true negative resistor effect, and a negentropic reordering of the vacuum. 

---