Tropsch, methanol synthesis

Fisher-Tropsch, Methanol Synthesis, Mobile Zeolite, etc.)... 

Its appeal Hes in the fact that synthesis gas can be produced from trash, municipal sewage, scrap wood, sawdust, newsprint, or other waste. The early work of Fischer and Tropsch on methanol synthesis showed that ethanol could be obtained in the process (165) and that by certain modifications the proportion of ethanol in the product could be increased (166). The Hterature concerning this method is extensive (167—176). The conditions that favor ethanol formation are 125—175°C and 1.42 MPa (14 atm) in the presence of reduction catalysts such as powdered iron. 

Fuel industry is of increasing importance because of the rapidly growing energy needs worldwide. Many processes in fuel industry, e.g. fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) [1], pyrolysis and hydrogenation of heavy oils [2], Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis [3,4], methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis [5,6], are all carried out in multiphase reactors. The reactors for these processes are very large in scale. Unfortunately, they are complicated in design and their scale-up is very difflcult. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to this field. The above mentioned chemical reactors, in which we are especially involved like deep catalytic pyrolysis and one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether, are focused on in this paper. 

In this energy chain, coal is gasified to generate synthesis gas. The H2 CO ratio required for an optimum efficiency is adjusted via the CO shift reaction of a part of the carbon monoxide (CO) contained in the synthesis gas. The remaining synthesis gas is converted to liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or via methanol synthesis with a downstream MtSynfuels (trademark by Lurgi) process (see beginning of Section 7.3.4). The liquid hydrocarbon yield amounts to about 0.40 MJ per MJ of hard coal, which is of the same order of magnitude as in the case of BTL ( 0.40 MJ/MJ) to calculate the thermal process efficiency, the electricity export must also be taken into account (see Table 7.12). 

Conversion of lignocellulose into transportation fuels via pyrolysis and subsequent oil upgrading [72], via gasification and subsequent Fischer-Tropsch or methanol synthesis [3], via hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation to ethanol or subsequent conversion into ethyl levulinate [45, 46, 73]. 

H2 has many uses in hydrogenation, and CO has many uses in carbonylation. The mixture is used in methanol synthesis and in the Fisher Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons. 

Stage 3 shifts the source of hydrocarbon for transportation and chemicals to methane. Methane currently is reformed at elevated temperatures and pressures to synthesis gas. This mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide can then be converted via the well-known technologies of methanol synthesis and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to eventually produce a variety of chemicals and fuels. In this stage, focus... 

Methanol Synthesis. The transformation of synthesis gas to methanol [Eq. (3.3)] is a process of major industrial importance. From the point of view of hydrocarbon chemistry, the significance of the process is the subsequent conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (thus allowing Fischer-Tropsch chemistry to become more selective). 

In industrial practice, three-phase catalytic reactors are often used, with gases like such as H2, H2O, NH3 or O2 as reactants. The process can be classified on the basis of these gases as hydrogenation, hydration, amination, oxidation, etc [3]. Among these processes, hydrogenation is by far the most important multiphase catalytic reaction. Recently, liquid- -phase methanol synthesis and the Fischer-Tropsch process were commercialized respectively... 

Gas-liquid bubble columns and gas-liquid-solid slurry bubble columns are widely used in the chemical and petrochemical industries for processes such as methanol synthesis, coal liquefaction, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and separation methods such as solvent extraction and particle/gas flotation. The hydrodynamic behavior of gas-liquid bubble columns and gas-liquid-solid slurry bubble columns are of great importance for the design and scale-up of reactors. Although the hydrodynamics of the bubble and slurry bubble columns has been a subject of intensive research through experiments and computations, the flow structure quantification of complex multi-phase flows are still not well understood, especially in the three-dimensional region. In bubble and slurry bubble columns, the presence of gas bubbles plays an important role to induce appreciable liquid/solids mixing as well as mass transfer. The flows within these systems are divided into two... 

---