Trivial names alkyl groups

Alkyl peroxyesters are commonly named like their nonperoxidic counterparts, except for incorporation of the peroxy- prefix. Trivial names are also commonly used, eg, tert-huty peracetate. Alkyl peroxyesters derived from di- and polybasic peroxyacids use 00- or O- when required to locate groups, eg, 00-tert-huty 0-isopropyl monoperoxycarbonate and 00-tert-huty 0-hydrogen monoperoxymaleate. Descriptions of alkyl peroxyesters have been given in the chemical hterature (1,4—6,19,20,44,168,213). 

The names of esters consist of two words that reflect their formation from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. According to the 1UPAC rule. Ihe alkyl or aryl group of the alcohol is cited first followed by the carboxylate group of the acid with the ending -ate replacing the -ic of the acid. For example. CHiCHiCOOCH, the methyl ester of propanoic acid, is called methyl propanoate (or methyl propionate, if the trivial name, propionic acid, is used for the carboxylic acid). 

The situation with regard to naming alkyl substituents has been muddied considerably by the fact that the IUPAC rules allow use of trivial names for a few alkyl groups. Thus sec-butyl sometimes is used in place of 1-methylpropyl, and rcr/-butyl in place of 1,1-dimethylethyl. These and other examples are included in parentheses in Table 3-2. Further odd-ball but less official customs are the prefix iso, which is reserved for substituents with two methyl groups at the end of an otherwise straight chain (e.g., isopropyl), and the prefix neo,... 

A variety of substituted benzenes are known that have one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the ring replaced with other atoms or groups. In almost all of these compounds the special properties associated with the benzene nucleus are retained. A few examples of benzenoid hydrocarbons follow, and it will be noticed that the hydrocarbon substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups. Many have trivial names indicated in parentheses ... 

Available compounds with a 1,2-relationship include many simple ones 78-90 whose trivial names may help you find them in suppliers catalogues. The amino acids 83 are the constituents of proteins and are available with R = alkyl, aryl, and various functionalised groups.14... 

There are two ways of naming alkyl halides. The systematic (IUPAC) nomenclature treats an alkyl halide as an alkane with a halo- substituent Fluorine is fluoro-, chlorine is chloro-, bromine is bromo-, and iodine is iodo-. The result is a systematic haloalkane name, as in 1-chlorobutane or 2-bromopropane. Common or trivial names are constructed by naming the alkyl group and then the halide, as in isopropyl bromide. This is the origin of the term alkyl halide. Common names are useful only for simple alkyl halides, such as the following ... 

Present nomenclature of these core lipids and their variants or derivatives is cumbersome and trivial names appear to be required. Nishihara et al. [26] have suggested that diphytanylglycerol diether (structure 1, Fig. 1) and its variants (lA-lE, Fig. 1) be called archaeol (modified by adding the appropriate alkyl group designations, such as C20, C25, 3-hydroxy, etc.), and dibiphytanyldiglycerol tetraether (2) and its variant (2A) be called caldarchaeol and nonitolcaldarchaeol , respectively. This forms the basis of a useful and practical system of nomenclature for archaebacterial lipids, which will be followed here. 

The first four aldehydes have trivial names formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde. The simplest ketone is acetone. Others are named by expressing the name of each alkyl group, followed by ketone. 

The simplest series of carboxylic acids are the alkanoic acids, RCOOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. Compounds may also have two or more carboxylic acid groups per molecule. The mono- and dicarboxylic acids have trivial names. 

Halides are not the only groups that can be displaced by nucleophiles in Sn2 reactions. Other examples of good leaving groups are sulfur derivatives of the type ROSOs and RSO3, such as methyl sulfate ion, CHsOSOs , and various sulfonate ions. Alkyl sulfate and sulfonate leaving groups are used so often that trivial names, such as mesylate, triflate, and tosylate, have found their way into the chemical literature. 

Saturated hydrocarbons are classified by the parent name alkanes substituent groups derived from them are called alkyl (or alkanyl, see below) groups. The naming system is based on the unbranched members of the homologous series C H2 +1 of which only the first four are designated by trivial names. 

Estrogenic activity in mammals is mediated by several estranes. A good number of these compounds are better known by their trivial as opposed to systematic names. The estrane nucleus is fairly similar to a gonane in that the double bonds in ring A are actually enumerated. Structure 4-1 (Scheme 4) thus becomes estra-l,3,5-trien-17-one. This steroid is far better known as estrone. Its reduced counterpart 4-2 is named estra-l,3,5-triene-3,17/3-diol. The more prevalent name for this compound is estradiol or, somewhat less commonly, /3-estradiol, The isomer with the hydroxyl group below the plane of the paper is named estra-l,3,5-trien-17a-ol or a-estradiol. The systematic name for the methyl ether of estradiol becomes 3-methoxyestra-l,3,5-trien-17/3-ol. The product 4-4 from alkylation at position 17 can be named 17)8-methylestra-l,3,5-trien-17a-ol. That compound is also known as equilin, a name derived from the fact that it was first isolated from horse urine. An additional double bond as in 4-5 is simply added to three already present, thus estra-... 

The trivial and lUPAC equivalent names of brassinosteroids and related compounds are given in Table 1. It should be noted, with the exception of typhasterol and teasterone, that the sterochemistry of the 2,3- and 22,23- diol groupings are alpha oriented, as in the brassinolide structure, and that they differ from the brassinolide structure only by the alkyl substituent at C-24 and the degree of oxidation of the B-ring (Figure 2). All of the brassinosteroids listed are biologically less active than brassinolide. 

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