Triphenyltin TPT

Another type of organotin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), has been used as a fungicide. 

FIGURE 5. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) levels in shortnecked clam collected in Tokyo Bay (1980-1987) (modified from Reference 65)... 

An even more pronounced case involves the sorption of the two biocides, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) to AHA. Because of their very high toxicity toward... 

Butyl- and phenyltin compounds are known to be toxic in the marine environment [14], Historically, tributyltin (TBT) has been released into the marine environment from the leaching of TBT-based antifouling paints used on the undersides of boats and ships. Triphenyltin (TPT) has also been used as an antifouling agent in paint and in herbicide formulations. 

We found that in chloroplasts, both triphenyltin (TPT) and DCCD are less inhibitory of flash-induced ATP synthesis than of phosphorylation in continuous light. Also, the pattern of inhibition by triphenyltin of ATP synthesis induced by increasing numbers of flashes was very similar for phosphorylation associated with PSI, PSII, or whole chain electron transport. These results indicate that in chloroplasts, there is probably not a special association between a particular electron transport complex and a specific coupling factor. Experimental procedures have been described previously (Graan, Ort 1982) or are provided in the figure legends. 

TBT (tributyltin), TPT (triphenyltin), DBT (dibutyltin), Cy2MTA (dicyclohexylmethyltin acetate), TML (trimethyl-lead acetate), Cy2MTB (dicyclohexylmethyltin isobutyrate), DPT (diphenyltin), TMT (trimethyltin), DMA (dimethy-larsine), DMT (dimethyltin). 

Abbreviations PAH = polyaromatic hydrocarbon, TCDD = Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, PBB = polybrominated biphenyl, TBTO = tributyltin oxide, DBTO = dibutyltin oxide, TPT = triphenyltin. 

Figure 12. pH-dependence of the octanol-water and liposome-water distribution ratio, (a) TBT, (b) TPT. Reprinted in part from [233], with permission from Hunziker, R. W., Escher, B. I. and Schwarzenbach, R. P. (1997). pH-dependence of the partitioning of triphenyltin between phosphatidylcholine liposomes and water , Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3899-3904 copyright (2001) American Chemical Society... 

A further study by Vela and Caruso [128] evaluated the effects of interface temperature, oven temperature, C02 pressure, mobile phase composition and column length in order to optimise the separation of several tetra and tri organotin compounds. The same interface, described by Shen [127], was used. It was found that the introduction of C02 did not require nebuliser flow-rate and RF power optimisation if the ion lenses were tuned sufficiently. The addition of a polar solvent to the non-polar mobile phase did not yield any improvement in resolution. Longer columns were found to yield broader chromatographic peaks. Absolute detection limits for TBT, tributyltin chloride, triphenyltin chloride and TPT were in the range 0.20-0.80 pg Sn. 

Synonyms Hydroxytriphenylstannane Hydroxytriphenyltin TPT Triphenyltin hydroxide Triphenyltin oxide... 

The inhibition by triphenyltin of flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with electron transport from water to methylviologen is shown in Figure 1, as a function of flash number. The concentration of triphenyltin chloride was 0.9 yM when present, giving a molar ratio of 37 Chi/1.0 triphenyltin. This concentration of triphenyltin inhibited ATP synthesis by about 50% in continuous light (Figure 2). At 50 hashes, the yield of ATP per flash for uninhibited samples corresponded to 0.54 ATP/CFj, given 1 CF /860 Chi (Strotmann et al. 1973). ATP synthesis after only 3 flashes was inhibited 65% by TPT, however the inhibition decreased with increasing flash number and was only 35% after 50 flashes. 

---