Trinitrotoluene equivalent

The tropospheric air always contains a considerable amount of small submicron particles, the so-called Aitken particles (AP), which are widely spread. Experimental data show that, on the average, not less than 50-75% of the total mass concentration of AP fall on sulfates [43]. The average percentage of the mass concentration of organic and nitrate components in the aerosol of the sub-micron range is estimated at 20-25% [2, 22]. Undoubtedly, nuclear explosions (with a yield of about 10 NO molecules per 1 Mt of trinitrotoluene equivalent [12] should generate great amounts of nitrate and sulfate aerosols, but there are no estimates so far. 

Recommended me odics of effect calculation is based on trinitrotoluene equivalent. The result from the geometric similarity is that the parameters of the shock wave are for a given explosive system identical at an equal value of reduced distance Z ... 

TNT equivalence The amount of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that would produce observed damage effects similar to those of the explosion under consideration. For non-dense phase explosions, the equivalence has meaning only at a considerable distance from the explosion source, where the nature of the blast wave arising is more or less comparable with that of TNT. 

TNT equivalence The amount of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that would produce observed damage effects similar to those of the explosion under consideration. 

Caggiano, Calculation of TNT Air-Blast Equivalences for Surface Blasts , PATR 4567 (1973) 19) R.S. Kukuvka K. Gandhi, Propagation Tests of 55Pound Boxes of Bulk TNT and 60-Pound Boxes of Bulk Composition B , PATR 4622 (1973) (Limited distrib) 20) J. Edel-maier, Makeshift Processing of Trinitrotoluene ,... 

Nuclear weapons are explosive devices that release nuclear energy. An individual nuclear device may have an explosive force equivalent to millions of tons (megatons) of trinitrotoluene (TNT, the chemical explosive traditionally used for such comparisons), and is more than enough to inflict devastating physical damage to a city. 

The energy released from a nuclear explosion is measured in units of kilotonnes (kt) of trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalent, defined to be lO cal, i.e. 4.184x10 joules of explosive energy. The explosive yield of all tests at the CEP site (atmospheric and underground) was equivalent to about 13 000 kt about 10 000 kt from atmospheric tests and about 3000 kt from underground tests. 

The Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974 limited the yield of underground nuclear weapon tests to 150 kilotons (the equivalent of the explosive force of approximately 150,000 tonnes of trinitrotoluene (TNT). 

The first application of nuclear fission was in the development of the atomic bomb. How is such a bomb made and detonated The crucial factor in the bomb s design is the determination of the critical mass for the bomb. A small atomic bomb is equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene). Since 1 ton of TNT releases about 4 X 10 J of energy, 20,000 tons would produce 8 X 10 J. Earlier we saw that 1 mole, or 235 g, of uranium-235 liberates 2.0 X 10 J of energy when it undergoes fission. Thus the mass of the isotope present in a small bomb must be at least... 

Explosions are rated in terms of the amount of energy released, commonly expressed as an equivalent quantity of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The theoretical maximum values of explosive potentials for fuels (TNT equivalents) are recorded in Table 4.7. Experimental data indicate, that real yield factors of 10 % are considered reasonable. Note that hydrogen is most potent on a mass basis and least potent on a volumetric basis. It also has the least theoretical explosive potential, when equivalent energy storage is taken into account. 

For this purpose the knowledge on the effects of explosives forms a basis. Many of the available correlations refer to the effect of explosions of TNT (trinitrotoluene). The important difference between the explosion of an explosive and that of a flammable gas is its brisance. It is reflected by a particularly short pressure wave. This is true as well for TNT. Despite this difference the TNT equivalent is the most frequently used model for assessing explosion effects. Values between 4,190 and 4,650 kJ/kg are quoted for the equivalent (cf. [15]). In [2] a value of 4,681 kJ/kg is used. In what follows a value of 4,650 kJ/(kg TNT) is chosen. It serves to convert the energy released in an explosion into an equivalent quantity of TNT. 

It takes only about 1 kg of uranlum-235 or plutonlum-239 undergoing fission to produce the equivalent of about 20,000 tons (20 kllotons) of ordinary explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) or dynamite. 

TNT-EQUIVALENT. The energy released by the detonation of a nuclear weapon is commonly expressed in terms of TNT-equivalent. This term stands for the amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT) that would be required to release an equivalent amount of energy as that released by the detonation of the nuclear weapon. 

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