Trichoderma spp

Patricio FRA, Kimati H, Tessarioli Neto J, Petenatti A, Barros BC (2007) Efeito da solarizagao, associada a aplicagao de Trichoderma spp. Ou fungicidas, sobre o controle de Pythium aphanidermatum e de Khizoctoriia solani AG-4. Summa Phytopathol 33 142-146. doi 10.1590/ S0100-54052007000200007... 

Polizzi G, La Rosa R, Arcidiacono C, D Emilio A (2003) Effects of innovative films in soil solar-ization for the control of soil-borne pathogens. Acta Hort (ISHS) 614 805-811 Porras M, Barrau C, Romero F (2007a) Effects of soil solarization and Trichoderma on strawberry production. Crop Prot 26 782-787. doi 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.07.005 Porras M, Barrau C, Arroyo FT, Santos B, Blanco C, Romero F (2007b) Reduction of Phytophthora cactorum in strawberry fields by Trichoderma spp. and soil solarization. Plant Dis 91 142-146. doi 10.1094/PDIS-91 -2-0142... 

Agaricus bisporus Pleurotus ostreatus Trichoderma reesei Trichoderma spp. Schizophyllum commune Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus niger Tyromyces palustris Streptomyces flavogriseus Streptomyces olivochromogenes Streptomyces spp,... 

Palmitoylcoprogen (Table 2 last entry) from Trichoderma spp. is retained in the fungal mycelium and may therefore be considered as a candidate for an iron uptake taxi mechanism (5). 

The Trichoderma spp. clearly formed an association with C. bu-tyricum, as did the Fusarium spp. and S. alcina, indicated by the number of viable bacteria associating with straw and the rate of degradation of this substrate (17). By contrast, Penicillium spp. were generally less effective. 

An antibiotic inhibition zone often appears around Trichoderma spp. interacting with other fungi. The genus contains many species which produce secondary metabolites. Claydon et al. (23) have identified an antibiotic from T. harzianum as a volatile, 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one this was recently shown to be an active antibiotic from T. koningii (24). The volatile appeared to be the factor responsible for the coconut smell of some biocontrol-effective strains of T. harzianum (25). However, in a Petri-plate assay, it can be difficult to be certain that antibiosis is involved. As well as competitive growth, lytic enzymes could also contribute to the action and Trichoderma has been shown to produce / -l,3-glucanase and chitinase (26-29). 

Trichoderma spp are a well known fungal group that produce a wide range of metabolites with diverse activities [137]. The only tetramic acid derivative isolated so far is harzianic acid (78) which was isolated from a... 

Phoma fimentF Rhizopus stolonifer Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Scopulariopsis fusca Talaromyces spp. Trichoderma spp. Trichoderma viride ... 

Extracellular sheaths have also been demonstrated to be important in the interorganismal contact that occurs during fungal hyperparasitism. Trichoderma spp. parasitizing RhlZQCtQnia aolaill and Sclerotium... 

Eor xylanases the source of the enzyme is important, fungal xylanases from Aspergillus spp. are generally very useful for bread making whereas for cookies Trichoderma spp. xylanases are required because of the differing requirements for water release. 

The enzymes needed for good processing are (a- and P-amylases, 6-(l 3)- and 6-(1 -> 4) endo glucanases, proteases, peptidase and cellulase. Enzymes similar to those contained in malt are produced industrially and can be used to speed up filtration of the wort and of the finished beer. For optimal filtration Trichoderma spp. glucanases which possess cellulase activities are preferred ovet Aspergillus spp. and Bacillus spp. glucanases. 

Enzymatic liquefaction of the pulp makes pressings redundant. Besides pectinase, the liquefaction process also requires cellulase (endo-cellulase, cellobiohydolase, P-glu-cosidase). Industrial liquefaction processes became possible when Trichoderma spp. cellulase became available. The combination of pectinase and cellulase leads to a very low viscosity liquid. This liquid is treated further by centrifugation and (ultra)filtra-tion to obtain the final clear fmit juice. 

Zheng, Z. and Shetty, K. (2000a). Enhancement of pea (Pisum sativum) seedling vigour and associated phenolic content by extracts of apple pomace fermented with Trichoderma spp. Process Biochem. 36, 79-84. 

Pilnik al (7) have noted that the combined action of pecti-nases and C-1 (1,4-p-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.91) enriched cellulases are able to almost completely liquefy pulped fruits and vegetables. For the actual dissolution of the cristal-line cellulose fibrils the C-1 enzyme is necessary which splits off cellobiose from the non-reducing end of the 1,4-p-D-glucan and which needs some C-x (1,4-p-D-glucan-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.4) to create such points of attack. Preparations rich in C-1 activity are usually obtained from Trichoderma spp. (8). 

Other examples of this class of compounds have been reported recently in studies aimed at isolating inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis [147, 148]. The amino, N-formamide, and N, N-dimethyl derivatives of homothallin II (128) have also been isolated from Trichoderma spp [138, 148]. 

Specific studies of the use of gum biopolymers directly in plant disease management are very few. Most of the time these gums are used as carriers for biocontrol formulations of Trichoderma spp. Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. These gums are also used as adhesive for various seed treatment chemicals. A few examples where gum biopolymers were used for plant disease management are given in Table 16.3. 

L.H. Cheah, and B.B.C. Page, Trichoderma spp. for potential biocontrol of clubroot of vegetable brassicas. Crop and Food Research 150-153,1997,... 

The simple trichothecenes are products of Acremonium, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp., and one species each of Cephalosporium, Cylindrocladium, Dendrostilbella, Gliocladium, Memnoniella, Microdocium, Spicellum and Trichothecium. Trichothecium roseum is, nevertheless, responsible for 12 metabolic products with... 

Trichodiene (49), the last hydrocarbon intermediate in the pathway, has been isolated from T. roseum, from Fusarium spp., and also from S. atra (Table 8). Specific labelling experiments have shown it to be a precursor of trichodiol (55) and 12,13-epoxy trichothecene (73), in addition to trichothecolone (101), in T. roseum (277) it is also a precursor of isotrichodiol (53) (219) and 3-acetylvomitoxin (104) in F. culmorum (278). However, relatively little work has been done on this stage of the pathway to simple trichothecenes in Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp. 

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