Trench warfare

While the LEs are particularly relevant for the kind of static trench warfare and artillery duels that characterized most of World War I, they are too simple and lack the spatial degrees of freedom to realistically model modern combat. The fundamental problem is that they idealize combat much in the same way as Newton s laws idealize physics. 

Ref Anon, "History of Trench Warfare Materiel , Army Ordnance Handbook No 154, GovtPrintgOff, Wash, DC (1920), pp 217—18... 

A) ArmyOrdnHdb 154, "History of Trench Warfare Materiar , USGovtPtgOfc, Washington, Dc (1920), pp 182-214... 

Successful attack in these conditions depended upon suppressing the defenders fire, from artillery as well as machine guns, and required the massing of large numbers of guns 18-pounders to cut wire entanglements, and howitzers and heavy guns to hit trenches and for counterbattery work. Mortars, which were well adapted to trench warfare, were... 

The section CANNON, etc was reviewed by A.B.Schilling of PicArsn, Dover, NJ Refs l)W.W.Greener, "The Gun and Its Development , Cassell, Petter Co, London (1881), 17-18 27 2)Col H.W.L.Hime, "The Origin Of Artillery", Longmans, Green Co, NY (1915), 120 127 3)Marshall 1(1917), 18-19 4)Anon, "History of Trench Warfare Materiel , Army Ordnance Pamphlet(l920)(available at PicArsn Museum) 5) J.H. Wallace, "The Field Artillery Journal, March-April 1932,pp 201-5 (available at PicArsn Museum) 6)Marshall 3 (1932), 1-2 7)Hayes(1938), 153 85 7a)J.H. 

For use in trench warfare, for the purpose of obscuring the situation from the sight of the enemy, a very satisfactory dense white or gray smoke is procured by burning a mixture of zinc dust and hexachloroethane. The mixture requires a strong starting fire. The smoke consists largely of finely divided zinc chlo-... 

British Expeditionary Force (BEF) assumed it must land in France within days of war being declared for it to be effective. These plans show the extent to which strategists committed themselves to the view that standing on the defensive would lead to destruction. These strategic calculations, however, proved to be ill-founded and the end of 1914 locked the armies on the Western Front in a deadly, static form of trench warfare and about to experience the nightmare intensification of the industrialised battlefield. 

Considered uncivilised prior to the First World War, it could be argued that the development and use of chemical warfare was necessitated by the requirements of wartime armies to find new ways of overcoming the stalemate of unexpected trench warfare.5 Old gases such as chlorine were used, and newer gases such as mustard were developed, and successfully used, as a terror weapon meant to instil confusion and panic amongst the enemy prior to an offensive. 

There are some facts that are indisputable such as the use of toxic chemicals in the 1914-1918 World War and more recently in the Iran/ Iraq conflict. Although many casualties resulted, the numbers were not exceptionally high in comparison with those from more conventional warfare. Also the use of chemicals was not decisive even in the World War against poorly protected soldiers in a trench warfare scenario in which chemical weapons might be expected to be most effective. 

Uses Was used in trench warfare for producing gray smokes. 

Schlueter J. Trench warfare CMP and shallow trench isolation. Semiconductor International October 1999. 

In order to counteract the power of modem impact weapons and the resulting deadlock of trench warfare, toxic gas finally was resorted to. It was hoped by this new means to restore movement in battle and thus Again permit tactical maneuver and fire power to open the way to victory. 

A retired Naval commander was found dead at home yesterday after inhaling lethal gas used in trench warfare. 

Things did not get worse. The menace of the V-weapons was contained, and the Allied position in Normandy grew stronger the threat of deadlocked trench warfare, bleeding away millions of lives, which so haunted Churchill, was averted. The Allies were able to finish the war with the promise they made to abide by the Geneva Protocol intact. 

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