Treatment terminology

This rec ord/field terminology allows the treatment of a PDB file as an ordered collection of record types,... 

Subsequent chapters address the application of filtration techniques to wastewater treatment in some detail. For now, only some general comments and terminology are introduced as part of this introductory chapter. 

A terminology to identify carbons that are graphitizable or those that are none graphitizable by heat treatment has been adopted. Hard carbons are those carbons that are nongraphitizable and are mechani-... 

To bring our terminology into accord -with that commonly used by mathematicians, the nomenclature stationary random process should be used here to distinguish our models from the more general models mentioned at the end of Section 3.1. This distinction is not meaningful in the context of this chapter, but should be borne in mind when consulting other treatments of the subject. 

The use of stress terminology has been discussed in Chapter 1, where it was pointed out that the value of the term stress in indicating some adverse force or influence lies in its extreme generality, without the need for a precise quantification. Nevertheless it is appropriate that a scientific discipline should be concerned with definable quantities. This will be the starting point for this paper, which will follow the example of Levitt (1972) who applied the concepts and terminology of mechanical stress (force per unit area) and strain (a definable dimension change) to the study of plant responses to the environment. This approach will be developed here in an attempt to incorporate the philosophies behind stress effects into a general treatment of the responses of ecosystems to adverse environmental conditions. 

The next steps consist of the extraction and normalization of terms from the zoned input document. To this end, we apply standard natural language processing techniques and normalize the extracted terms to their canonical form with string manipulations and morphological analysis. The former refers to the treatment of symbols (e.g., dashes), and the latter refers to variations of words due to inflection (e.g., plurals). These steps of information extraction rely on, and make extensive use of, our terminologies and ontologies. 

A second approach also considers three populations free (unquenched) donors No, free acceptors NA, and a population engaged in FRET pairs Ns that transfer energy with characteristic efficiency E (between 0 and 1). However, in this case, the Ns population emits both donor fluorescence (quenched by a fraction (1 - E)) and sensitized emission (proportional to ENS). To keep in line with the treatment and terminology in other chapters in this volume, this latter approach will be followed here. Note, however, that in other chapters the population of FRET pairs is indicated by the subscript DA whereas we stick to the notation Ns to indicate that this quantity is based on photons emitted from sensitized emission (S image) and to keep the close synonymy with the former approach. Thus, our Io-s equals Ida and Is +1 a equals IAo- Both ways yield essentially identical results. 

In this chapter, we describe several ideal types of reactors based on two modes of operation (batch and continuous), and ideal flow patterns (backmix and tubular) for the continuous mode. From a kinetics point of view, these reactor types illustrate different ways in which rate of reaction can be measured experimentally and interpreted operationally. From a reactor point of view, the treatment also serves to introduce important concepts and terminology of CRE (developed further in Chapters 12 to 18). Such ideal reactor models serve as points of departure or first approximations for actual reactors. For illustration at this stage, we use only simple systems. 

Fire retardant treatment, for wood, 26 348 Fire science, 11 450 Fire test methods, 11 449—450 Fire test terminology, 19 588 Fire-tube furnaces, 12 319—320, 327 Firing, of ferrites, 11 73 Firming agents, 12 32 as food additives, 12 57 First aid and rescue, 21 858 First aid, for nitric acid exposure, 17 192 First failure, time to, 26 987 First falling rate period, 23 67 First-generation ionic liquids, 26 837-838, 841, 865... 

The mathematical treatment of each of the fluorescence curves shown in O Figure 5-5 is identical. First nonspecific effects must be subtracted so that in each case we have a relationship between the concentration of ligand and the change in fluorescence. The binding equation is formally identical to the terminology for... 

DCM is a Cabinet server that provides encyclopedic information of Chinese medicines and medical conditions from the book, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine [42], It has over 220 000 searchable fields in four different languages (English, traditional Chinese, Pinyin and Latin). DCM is a tool that includes Chinese and Western medical terminology and gives medication as well as acupuncture treatment descriptions. DCM is implemented for finding definitions without leaving the TCM database. Many medicinal sources are identified by pictures generated from PARK. 

These are small documents that form part of the source documents and are usually fQled in by the subject during a study. They allow the subject to record on a daily basis any modest adverse event, for example, headache, that occurs while taking the new treatment or an efficacy parameter, such as a change in their medical condition. Again, care should be taken in the preparation of the diary so that it is user friendly. It should record days and weeks, not dates, use domestic time, not the 24-h clock, and la)unan s terminology. 

With the p-value methodology we are rejecting the null hypothesis Hg in favour of the alternative hypothesis Hj, providing the two (one-sided) p-values are < 2.5 per cent. We have then established equivalence and we can talk in terms of the treatments being significantly equivalent. The terminology sounds almost contradictory, but is a correct statement. If either of the two p-values is above 2.5 per cent then the treatments are not significantly equivalent. 

There is an evolving variety of alternative healthcare practices and products to choose from. (See Terminology sidebar.) Adults and adolescents alike are asking themselves questions such as, Should I take a pill for my headache, or drink chamomile herbal tea There are several scientific counterparts to this seemingly simple question, for example Are these both remedies Are they equally effective Is one healthier or less toxic than the other Can they be used together At this time, there is no comparative information on codeine versus alternative medicine (e.g., acupuncture) as effective treatments for pain, cough, and diarrhea. 

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