Treatment strategies smoking

The development of CHD is a lifelong process. Except in rare cases of severely elevated serum cholesterol levels, years of poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and life-habit risk factors (e.g., smoking and obesity) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.3 Unfortunately, many individuals at risk for CHD do not receive lipid-lowering therapy or are not optimally treated. This chapter will help identify individuals at risk, assess treatment goals based on the level of CHD risk, and implement optimal treatment strategies and monitoring plans. 

Claudication and nonhealing foot ulcers are common in type 2 DM. Smoking cessation, correction of dyslipidemia, and antiplatelet therapy are important treatment strategies. 

The development of pharmacological strategies to deal with addiction is not limited to those described above. In 1996, the FDA approved a nicotine nasal spray as a treatment for adults trying to quit smoking. The efficacy of the nicotine nasal spray is comparable to other smoking cessation products such as nicotine gum or patches (which are now available OTC). It is recommended that patients use the nasal spray... 

Since ischemic heart disease and/or hypertension contribute so significantly to the development of heart failure in the majority of patients, it is important to emphasize that heart failure is a largely preventable disorder. Thus recent evidence that obesity and salt intake are important risk factors for heart failure is not surprising. Moreover, control of blood pressure and appropriate management of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (e.g., smoking cessation, treatment of lipid disorders, diabetes management, dietary modification, etc.) are important strategies for clinicians to implement to reduce their patients risk of heart failure. 

Patients with COPD should receive education about their disease, treatment plans, and strategies to slow progression and prevent complications. Advice and counseling about smoking cessation are essential, if applicable. Because the natural course of the disease leads to respiratory failure, the clinician should address end-of-life decisions and advanced directives prospectively with the patient and family.20... 

Claudication and nonhealing foot ulcers are common in type 2 DM patients. Smoking cessation, correction of lipid abnormalities, and antiplatelet therapy are important strategies in treating claudicants. Pentoxifylline or cilostazol may he useful in selected patients. Revascularization is successful in selected patients. Local debridement and appropriate footwear and foot care are vitally important in the early treatment of foot lesions. In more advanced lesions, topical treatments may be of benefit. Diabetic foot care is an excellent example of the adage, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ... 

Chronotherapeutics, the study of pharmacological response as a function of physiological mood, physical activity, biological rhythms etc. has redefined dmg-delivery strategies in the treatment of diabet, ulcers, cardiac attacks, asthma, smoking cessation and other addictive illnesses (Cullander and Guy 1992). Since 1999 Breimer affirmed that the translation of a PD (pharmakodynamic)-dependent delivery pattern into improved therapeutic outcome is a major challenge for dmg-delivery research (Breimer 1999). 

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