Travis 3 well

Somewhat later, Travis and Busch reported that extraction of the residue from Eq. (6.8) with hot ethanol afforded the dimer of 10 in 25% yield . The latter, 1,4,8,11, 15,18,22,25-octathiooctacosane, was characterized by mass spectrometric analysis as well as the customary analytical methods. It was found that by dilution of reactants prior to mixing, the yield of [monomer] is greatly increased (50—60%) while the yield of [dimer] is lowered substantially . One might have expected the larger rather than the smaller ring to be more favored at higher dilution, but there is no further comment on this point. 

A physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model based on the ventilation rate, cardiac output, tissue blood flow rates, and volumes as well as measured tissue/air and blood/air partition coefficients has been developed (Medinsky et al. 1989a Travis et al. 1990). Experimentally determined data and model simulations indicated that during and after 6 hours of inhalation exposure to benzene, mice metabolized benzene more efficiently than rats (Medinsky et al. 1989a). After oral exposure, mice and rats appeared to metabolize benzene similarly up to oral doses of 50 mg/kg, above which rats metabolized more benzene than did mice on a per kg body weight basis (Medinsky et al. 1989b). This model may be able to predict the human response based on animal data. Benzene metabolism followed Michaelis-Menton kinetics in vivo primarily in the liver, and to a lesser extent in the bone marrow. Additional information on PBPK modeling is presented in Section 2.3.5. 

Recent PBPK models have tried to address benzene metabolism in an effort to derive animal-to-human extrapolations (Bois et al. 1991a Medinsky 1995 Medinsky et al. 1989a Spear et al. 1991 Travis et al. 1990). Each model described a multicompartmental model that attempted to relate the generation of metabolites to end points of benzene toxicity. The generation of hydroquinone and muconaldehyde in the liver, with further metabolism in the bone marrow, has been addressed as well as the available data allow. However, the model is not sufficiently refined to allow it to accurately predict human metabolism. Thus, although PBPK modelling has provided a means to improve animal to human extrapolations, the models need to be improved. 

Phenol is used in the manufacture of explosives and plastics, as well as dyes. See Travis, Modernizing industrial organic chemistry, this volume. 

Exposure may be defined as the concentration of toxic materials in space and time at the interface with target populations (Travis et al., 1983). Descriptions of exposure scenarios must include the biota exposed to the contaminants as well as the hydrological, topographical, geological and meteorological characteristics of the environment, which may strongly affect the transport and the transformation of the chemicals. If measurements of ambi-... 

Hayward, Keith, Shadd Maruna, and Jayne Mooney, eds. Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology. Abingdon, England Routledge, 2010. This comprehensive collection includes essays on the earliest proponents of the science (Cesare Beccaria andJeremyBentham) as well as contemporary practitioners (Frances Heidensohn and Travis Hirschi). 

South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Public Utilities Commission, Dept, of Commerce Regulation, State Capitol, 500 East Capitol Avenue, Pierre, SD 57501 Public Service Commission, 460 James Robertson Pkwy., Nashville, TN 37219 Railroad Commission, William B. Travis Bldg., 1701 North Congress Avenue, PO Box 42967, Capitol Station, Austin, TX 78711 Public Service Commission, Heber M. Wells Bldg., 4th Floor, 160 East 300 South, PO Box 45585, Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0801 Dept, of Public Service, State Office Bldg., 120 State Street, Montpelier, VT 05602... 

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