Continuously regenerating trap

The second is a neat idea coming from Johnson Ma tthey. They invented the so-called continuously regenerating trap (CRT) consisting of a monolithic preoxidizer and a particulate trap, see Figure 9.3 [24]. The first monolith (containing Pt) oxidizes hydrocarbons and CO to CO2 and NO into NO2, which is very reactive... 

Figure 9.3 Continuously regenerating trap. (Reprinted from [22].)...

FIGURE 15 Continuously regenerated trap column schematic. 

Konstandopoulos, A. G., Skaperdas, E., Warren, J., and Allanson, R. Optimized filter design and selection criteria for continuously regenerating diesel particulate traps. SAE Technical Paper No. 1999-01-0468 (1999). 

In order to simulate decreasing emission levels a truck engine of Euro III emission level (6 cylinder Volvo, displacement 7 liters) has been equipped with a continuously regeneration trap (CRT) filter system and an additional bypass to this filter by the Swiss EMPA institute. By a variation of the flow ratio of filtered/unfiltered exhaust gas, an emission level of about 60% of Euro IV has been adjusted (Mohr and Lehmann, 2003). The temporal courses of EC mass concentration and EC-specific surface area are depicted in Figure 34. In this graph, the mass and surface emissions of the 13 operation points within this test yield a different behavior. Most pronounced is the small specific surface area for idle operation which is caused by relatively large particles and in agreement to the results of previous studies. 

A schematic of a monolith catalyst is shown in Fig. 19-18a. In cases where pressure drop is limiting, such as for CO oxidation in cogeneration power plant exhausts, monolith catalyst panels may be stacked to form a thin (3- to 4-in-thick) wall. The other dimensions of the wall can be on the order of 35 x 40 ft. CO conversion is over 90 percent with a pressure drop across the catalyst of 1.5 in of water. Alternatively, the monolith may be used as a catalyst and filter, as is the case for a diesel particulate filter. In this case, monolith channels are blocked and the exhaust gases from a diesel truck are forced through the walls (Fig. 19-18b). The filter is a critical component in a continuous regenerable trap. NO in the exhaust... 

ERIX [Electrochemically Regenerated Ion exchange system] A process for removing hydrofluoric acid from aqueous wastes from the electronics industry. The fluoride ion is trapped in an ion-exchange resin, which is continuously regenerated electrochemically. Developed by BOC Edwards and first installed in the University at Albany, State University of New York, in 2006. 

FIGURE 45 Continuous regenerating trap for soot abatement (734). In the monolith (in addition to the oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons), NO is oxidized to give NO2, which gasifies the soot deposited on the wall-flow filter. 

Figure 7 Simplified schematic diagram of a continuously regenerating trap (CRT). The platinum catalyst oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and also nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, which is used to oxidize soot retained in the filter. In the illustration this is a ceramic-wall flow filter, which has alternate channels blocked at the front inlet and rear outlet faces.

Another well-recognised approach for soot abatement is the use of a supported Pt oxidation pre-catalyst (upstream of the filter) aimed at producing NO2 (from NO oxidation), which decreases the non-catalysed oxidation temperature of soot by approximately 200 K (from ca. 773 to 573 K) relative to air oxidation.76,81,94 This is one of the basic concepts involved in the so called NOx-aided CRT (continuously regenerated trap), which is proposed as one of the most efficient technologies for soot abatement (Fig. 8.4).76,95 Under practical operating conditions, the oxidation precatalyst overall converts 90% of the CO and hydrocarbons and 20-50%... 

Incorporating an oxidation catalyst upstream of the filter that, as well as operating as a conventional oxidation catalyst, also increases the ratio of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to nitric oxide (NO) in the exhaust. Particulate then bums off at normal exhaust temperatures using the powerful oxidative properties of NO2. This continuously regenerates the trap. This system requires diesel fuel containing less than 50 PPM sulphur such as the City Diesel used in Sweden. 

The emissions of PM can be reduced using filter technology, where the continuously regenerating trap (CRT) system appears promising [1]. The emission levels of NOx are however only affected by the CRT technology to some extent [1]. 

Most of the useful radical reactions in synthetic chemistry involve a chain mechanism, in which radical species are continually regenerated and trapped. Such propagation steps are illustrated for reduction of a substrate RX (4.4). The feasibility of this sequence depends on the relative reaction rates which themselves are determined by the structures of the radicals (including that used to initiate the reaction). In reactions such as this, the trialkyltin radical is sometimes referred to as the chain carrier as it is continuously regenerated to propagate the cycle. 

The control technology that is applied to the vehicle itself also has consequences to the ultimate emission and formation of UFP. Diesel particulate traps are now commonly used to control the mass emissions of PM. There are new classes of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters that allow for PM emissions to be controlled. One of the consequences of this technology is an increased formation of small particles (<10 nm) due to the absence of elemental carbon downstream of the trap. 

Continuous Regenerable Trap. Another approach is to generate NO2 upstream of an uncatalyzed DPF for combusting the particulate matter. This so-called continuous regenerable trap (or CRT) is based on phenomenon first published in 1989 by Cooper and Thoss (143), in which NO2 oxidized the dry carbon soot held within the trap at temperatures below that of similar oxidation with the O2 in the air. This technology is considered passive in contrast to this active system. 

Dionex offers a just add water system for electrolyte generation and purification of commonly used eluents such as KOH and methanesulfonic acid. Eluents are generated from deionized water using an Eluent Generator (EG) cartridge and then polished of contaminants using a continuous-regeneration trap column. 

The continuously regenerating trap (CRT) system (by Johnson Matthey) con-skts of a DPF filter located downstream of a Pt-containing DOC catalyst. CO and HC are oxidized in the DOC, which ako oxidizes NO to NO2. NO2 k much more active in its oxidizing reactions than NO and O2 and reacts rapidly with the soot and initiates its ignition. 

Reaction (2.2) starts from as low as 250" C, so that the soot collected in the DPF is slowly and continuously oxidized under typical engine exhaust gas temperature conditions (180-300°C). As a result, Johnson Matthey refers to its developed DPF that uses this catal5dic process as a continuously regenerating trap (CRT). 

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