Transverse marks

Fig. 43,—Sclerenchyma fibers from different sources, i, Prom powdered cinnamon bark 2, End of bast fiber of flax stem showing transverse markings (6) 3, middle portion of flax fiber showing characteristic cross markings at b 4, bast fiber from cinchona bark 5, branched bast fiber from choke cherry bark 6. above, end, and below, median portion of bast fiber of jute. All highly magnified.

The female is typically 2.5 cm the male is half that size. Adults are grayish black to dark brown, with yellowish gray hairs. About one third of the way down the elytra, there are two grayish transverse marks. 

MPa. The evidence of GBS is the displacement of the scratch lines during creep testing. This figure shows scratch lines displaced across a grain boundary transverse markings are inscribed perpendicular to the tensile axis. Clear offsets may be seen in the transverse marker line in this Mg-0.78 %A1 alloy. The tensile axis in this experiment is horizontal. An alternate method for evaluating GBS is by means of interferometry. An example of the offsets of the same alloy as revealed by interferometry is visible in Fig. 6.75. 

Pinhole perforations were discovered in the walls of chiller condenser tubes of an air-conditioning system. Close laboratory examination of the internal surfaces of affected tubes revealed distinct patches of small pits (Fig. 12.18) and pit sites aligned along longitudinal mandrel marks and fine scratches (Fig. 12.19). In some locations, transversely oriented pit sites that were aligned with the locations of the fins on the external surface branched off the primary longitudinal pit alignment (Fig. 12.20). 

CuZn. We have investigated the phonon dispersion of the B2 phase. Our result compares well with the experimental findings marked as diamonds in Fig. 7. Similar to the fee FcsNi phase, a soft transversal mode is detected in bcc CuZn. This [110]... 

Fig. 15—Comparison between low-speed mixed lubrication and dry contact a ground surface with transverse texture, (a) Profiles of pressure and film thickness along the x direction at y=0. (b) An enlarged view for the marked zone in 15(a). (c) The contour plot of film thickness, (d) 3-D plot of pressure distribution.

The hardness of wood varies markedly from soft balsa to hard ironwood with pine, oak, and maple in between. It is measured either by determining the force needed to push a hard ball (diameter = 0.444 in) into the wood to a depth equal to half the ball s diameter (Janka hardness) or by the initial slope of the force vs. penetration-depth curve (Hardness modulus). Average values of Janka hardnesses for typical woods are listed in Table 13.1. The data are from Green et al., (2006), and are for penetration transverse to the tree axis. The values are for moisture contents of about ten percent. The first set of five items are hardwoods, while the second set are softwoods. To roughly convert Janka hardnesses to VHN multiply by 0.0045. 

The microductile/compliant layer concept stems from the early work on composite models containing spherical particles and oriented fibers (Broutman and Agarwal, 1974) in that the stress around the inclusions are functions of the shear modulus and Poisson ratio of the interlayer. A photoelastic study (Marom and Arridge, 1976) has proven that the stress concentration in the radial and transverse directions when subjected to transverse loading was substantially reduced when there was a soft interlayer introduced at the fiber-matrix interface. The soft/ductile interlayer allowed the fiber to distribute the local stresses acting on the fibers more evenly, which, in turn, enhanced the energy absorption capability of the composite (Shelton and Marks, 1988). 

The attainment of a definite maximum for this transverse potential can readily be demonstrated in that a maximum rate of endosmotic flow is obtained on the addition of electrolyte in increasing concentrations, a phenomenon well marked in the case of naphthalene. 

Type 3 Mark 1 Aircraft Mine Model 1 was cylinder 53 inches long and 24 inches diam, provided with a parachute and four chemical horns. It was filled with 240 lbs of Type 98 Explosive.. The detonator and booster were located in a tube running transversely thru the mine case. It was dropped from an aircraft or surface moored (p 42, Figs 11 12)... 

Figure 19-23 (A) Diagram of a cross-sectional view of the outer portion of a lamellibranch gill cilium. This has the 9+2 axoneme structure as shown in Fig. 1-8 and in (B). The viewing direction is from base to tip. From M. A. Sleigh.329 (B, C) Thin-section electron micrographs of transverse (B) and longitudinal (C) sections of wild-type Chlamydomonas axonemes. In transverse section labels A and B mark A and B subtubules of microtubule doublets oa, ia, outer and inner dynein arms, respectively sp, spokes cpp, central pair projections bk, beaks. From Smith and Sale.329a...

Cortical tissue of rye. The cells composing the two layers of the tissues corresponding with those studied for wheat are of different magnitude, those of the lower layer being markedly shorter than those of the upper, whilst the greater thickness of the longer walls, seen in wheat, is not observed in this case. Finally, the shorter walls of the cells of the lower transverse layer do not fuse with those of the contiguous cells, but remain independent, with small spaces between their points of contact. 

Hemp. This is obtained from the bast fibres of Cannabis sativa. Under the microscope these fibres, which are usually joined in bundles, have a bruised cylindrical appearance and a diameter greater than that of flax fibres (Fig. 74, Plate VII). They are irregular as regards thickness and there are many longitudinal striations, which are sometimes so marked as to render difficult the observation of the internal channel, the latter being about one-third as wide as the fibres. Transverse striae are also observed often these do not traverse the whole width of the fibre and they arc not so regular in appearance as with flax. At the ends the fibres are usually rounded and sometimes slit down for a short distance. 

Pardo, J. V., Siliciano, J. D., and Craig, S. W. (1983). A vinculin-containing cortical lattice in skeletal muscle Transverse lattice elements ( costameres ) mark sites of attachment between myofibrils and sarcolemma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80, 1081-1012. 

In an electrohydrodynamic mixer, a DC electric field (400 kV/cm) is applied on two electrodes across a channel to induce secondary transverse flow for solution mixing. Explain why there is no problem of electrolysis. (2 marks)... 

Cut a few strips of film approximately 1cm by about 5 cm in the machine direction (or MA direction), and label one end of each (MD or A ). The exact dimensions are not important. However the sides should be parallel and have smooth edges. A sharp paper cutter might work well for cutting the strips. Similarly, cut a few strips in the transverse direction and label them (TD or B ). In the center of two of the pieces (one MD or A, the other TD or B), mark off a 2 cm section. Keep these strips for part B. See example below. 

---