Transverse electric field

Fig. 1.28. The change in sticking coefficient of atoms of hydrogen during doping of film of ZnO by atoms of Ag (/), Zn (2) and applying the transverse electric field to the film O) [198, 199]...

The transverse electric field component, with azimuthal order v, is given by ... 

For weakly guiding structures, the second term can be neglected, and we obtain the standard Helmholtz equation in which individual components of the electric field intensity vector E remain uncoupled. For high contrast waveguides this is clearly not the case. The second term in Eq. (2) in which the transversal electric field components are mutually coupled must be retained. 

Suppose we have a slab of semiconductor of thickness L placed in an external homogeneous transverse electric field. In this case the electron concentration on one of the surfaces will be increased as compared with the case of no field i.e., the Fermi level will be raised. On the opposite surface, on the contrary, the electron concentration will be reduced i.e., the Fermi level will be lowered. This is illustrated in Fig. 25, where the continuous lines indicate the band edges in the absence of the field, and the dashed lines indicate the band edges in the presence of the field. (To be definite, the surfaces are assumed to be negatively charged the field in Fig. 25 is directed from left to right.)... 

Bone et al found also that upon drying of the 2CO +O2 mixt or upon addn of ca 0.3% hydrogen, the deton wave was stabilized against interruption or retardation by transverse electrical fields up to 5 000 volts/cm... 

Therefore quantum fluctuations in B<3) are accompanied by fluctuations in the transverse electric field. The ultraviolet divergence is probably unimportant [17] because of the co 2 dependence of the fluctuation. The infrared divergence is also damped statistically. The divergences in U(l) electrodynamics [6] can exist as a subset of 0(3) electrodynamics and can be absorbed into integrals that involve photon loop processes associated with quantum fluctuations in B(3 ... 

An electric field may also be produced by a time-varying magnetic field. The changing magnetic flux in the central core of a pulsed cylindrical electromagnet induces a transverse electric field that accelerates the particles. These travel in a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber located... 

FIGURE 6.30 Schematic diagram illustrating the FFE concept. A sample mixture flows vertically down while a transverse electric field is applied. N, -1, and -2 denote the positions at which a neutral, a monoanion, and a dianion, respectively, are expected to exit the system [89]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

The total ionisation cross section for hydrogen has been measured by Shah et al. (1987) in a crossed-beam experiment. Slow ions formed as collision products in the interaction region were extracted by a steady transverse electric field. H+ ions were distinguished by time of flight. Relative cross sections were normalised to previously-measured cross sections for hydrogen ionisation by protons of the same velocity. The proton cross sections were normalised to the Born approximation at 1500 keV. 

In ionic and partially ionic crystals optic vibrations are associated with strong electric moments and hence can interact directly with the transverse electric field of incident infrared electromagnetic radiation. In terms of the phenomenological theory of infrared dispersion, if , and D are the electric field, polarization and displacement vectors respectively, then... 

In what follows we will simplify notation in several ways, one of which is to drop the superscript on the transverse electric field. Let us assume for the moment that only a single chromophore molecule exists, so that... 

The same quantity can also be measured by deflection in a transverse electric field (fig. 3). If two condenser plates are set up parallel... 

Fig. 3.—Deflection of an electron in a transverse electric field (between the plates of a condenser). The path is a parabola (path of a projectile).

The values a(w,k) and b(v, k) have resonances at frequencies corresponding to longitudinal and transverse polaritons. If one takes into account the dissipation, the imaginary parts of the polariton energies would appear in the denominators of these expressions. As longitudinal excitons do not interact with the transverse electric field, the resonances of a(v, k) coincide with the frequencies of longitudinal Coulomb excitons. 

A modification to electrophoresis is free-flow electrophoresis, which enables the continuous separation of a mixture according to charge with subsequent collection of the sample band of interest [244]. For this, an transverse electric field is applied in pressure driven flow within a broad and flat microchamber. While passing this extraction chamber, the species contained in the sample flow are deflected depending on their charge and thus exit the chamber through one of several outlets. 

It is usual to interpret this result in terms of a physical interaction between the electric dipole moment and a (uniform) transverse electric field associated with radiation,... 

In a different gauge, it is possible to construct the multipolar Hamiltonian which is obtained by applying a unitary transformation to the minimal coupling Hamiltonian [75-77,106]. In the multipolar Hamiltonian, it is the transverse electric field, and the magnetic field, B(r) (satisfying Maxwell s equation, V x Et = - f), that appear, rather than the vector potential. Now, the interaction is written as... 

Due to the anisotropy of conductivity, space charges will develop as indicated in fig. 3.10.7 till the transverse electric field stops the transverse current. The local transverse field in the steady state is easily seen to be... 

The Hall effect, first reported in 1879 by Hall, is by far the best known of the various galvanothermomagnetic effects. In this case, if an electrical current is made to flow in a conductor perpendicular to a magnetic field, in addition to the transverse temperature gradient due to the Ettingshausen effect, one also observes a transverse electric field which is perpendicular to both the electrical current and the magnetic field (Fig. Ic). The Hall coefficient is defined by... 

The refractive indices (RI) for transverse electric field (TE) mode were measured using the m-line method at the wavelengths of 632.8 and 830 nm. Wavelength dispersion of RI, was fitted to a one-oscillator Sellmeier-dispersion formula,... 

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