TRANSPORTATION SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

Energy security considerations are potentially even more important in the transport sector. Oil products provide the majority (>90%) of the energy used in transportation. As oil prices have risen dramatically over recent years, the possibility of hedging risks through the use of alternative fuels— coal to liquids (CTL), gas to liquids (GTL), and biomass to liquids (BTL)— is being seriously considered (e.g., see Speight, 2008, 2011a,b, and references cited therein). 

This paper does not restrict consideration and modeling of ACPs to the limited number of systems currently compliant with regulations from the EU or the US American Transport Security... 

Introduction Priorto September 11, 2001, known as 9/11, chemical process safety activities primarily focused on accidental release risks and excluded most considerations of intentional releases. Security was provided mostly for lesser threats than such extreme acts of violence, and terrorism was generally not provided for except in high-security areas of the world. Exceptions to this included general concerns for sabotage. This was due to a perception that these risks were managed adequately, and that the threat of a terrorist attack, particularly on U.S. chemical manufacturing facilities or transportation system, was remote. 

After resolving the issue of matrix design, the next step was to determine a desirable anatomical location. Several considerations were used in determining possible implant sites. The first is the size of the implant and the requirement that it be placed in juxtaposition to well-vascularized tissue. A transplant matrix constructed as a porous sheet-like structure could be at most 200 mm thick, based on estimates of nutrient transport limitations (66). The size of a device required to replace about 5% of the mass of an adult liver would then be about 0.5 m2. Surgical trauma must be avoided when implanting the device, because such trauma produces fibrin clots and hematoma formation around the wounded area, which creates a poor environment for cell survival. Also, the implant may behave better if supplied by the portal circulation rather than the systemic, because the portal circulation contains potential hepatotrophic factors. For these reasons, the mesentery—the vascularized membrane which secures the intestines—was selected as the best potential site (Fig. 15). 

In addition to safety considerations, secnrity has become an increasingly greater concern for hazardons materials dnring transport. Certain hazardous materials could potentially be used as a weapon to spread fear, cause injuries or fatalities, and/or result in negative economic impacts. To address the potential for deliberate misuse, additional security regulations and industry standards continue to be developed. 

A variety of ideas, recommendations, and practices put forward by government, transportation agencies, and industry members suggest security measures for consideration as part of a security plan and throughout the entire transportation network. The list provided below is not exhaustive, and some measures may not be... 

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