Transglutaminase Activity

SESSA A, TUNICI P, RABELLOTTI E, BARDOCZ S, GRANT G, PUSZTAI A, PERIN A (1996) Response of intestinal transglutaminase activity to dietary phytohaemagglutinin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1314 66-70. 

Sizemore N, Kasturi L, Gorodeski G, Eckert RL, Jetten AM, and Rorke EA [1993] Retinoid regulation of human ectocervical epithelial cell transglutaminase activity and keratin gene expression. Differentiation 54 219-225... 

Kasturi L, Sizemore N, Eckert RL, Martin K, and Rorke EA [1993] Calcium modulates cornified envelope formation, involucrin content, and transglutaminase activity in cultured human ectocervical epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 205 84-90... 

Kohno H, Hoshino Y, Katoh S, et al. 1992. Effect of retinoic acid on liver transglutaminase activity and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. Experientia 48 386-388. 

Figure 9.8. Formation of a hard clot via the action of factor Xllla. This activated factor displays a transglutaminase activity, which catalyses direct formation of a covalent linkage between a glutamine side-chain of one fibrin molecule and a lysine side-chain of a second fibrin molecule. The resultant highly crosslinked hard clot is both tough and insoluble...

In the case of platelet-derived factor XIII, the resultant product (a )2, is the activated form. Thrombin action on plasma-derived factor XIII generates an a 2jfi2 dimer, which is devoid of transglutaminase activity. However, in the presence of Ca +, the a P chains dissociate, yielding the biologically active a 2. 

Transglutaminases. Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase activation was detected in dying and apoptotic cells its actual role can be related to cross-linking of plasmalemmal proteins with cytoskeleton (Orrenius et al., 2003). 

It should be borne in mind, however, that the aberrations in other aspects of SC biology need to be corrected even after using enzymes (see Figure 17.16). Normalization of SC ceramide subtypes and NMF need to be corrected together with transglutaminase activities to allow optimal maturation of immature envelopes that are known to occur in these conditions.1... 

Dry skin is further characterized by structural changes in comeocyte envelope (CE) as a result of reduced transglutaminase activity. The enzyme is responsible for the transformation of a soft or fragile envelope into a rigid one. Fragile corneocyte envelopes predominate in dry skin.9... 

Del Duca, S., Dondini, L., Mea, M.D., De Rueda, P.M., and Serafini-Fracassini, D., Factors affecting transglutaminase activity catalyzing poly amine conjugation to endogenous substrates in the entire chloro-plast, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 38, 429-439, 2000. 

Del Duca, S., Favali, M.A., Serafini-Fracassini, D., and Pedrazzini, R., Transglutaminase activity during greening and growth of Helianthus tuberosus explants in vitro, Protoplasma, 174, 1-9, 1993a. 

Del Duca, S., Tidu, V., Bassi, R., Esposito, C., and Serafini-Fracassini, D., Identification of chlorophyll-a/b proteins as substrates of transglutaminase activity in isolated chloroplasts of Helianthus tuberosus L., Planta, 193, 283-289, 1994. 

Application and Principle This procedure is used to determine transglutaminase activity in preparations derived from Streptoverticillium mobaraense var. The assay is based on the enzymatic formation of a glutamic acid y-hydroxamate in a glutaminyl residue in the substrate peptide with another substrate, hydroxylamine. The amount of the glutamic acid y-hydroxamate formed as a red complex with ferric ion in acidic conditions at 37° is measured spectrophotometrically. 

Chen S, Lin F, Iismaa S, Lee KN, Birckbichler PJ, Graham RM. a,-adrenergic receptor signaling via Gh is subtype specific and independent of its transglutaminase activity. J Biol Chem 1996 271 32,385-32,391. 

Nakaoka H, Perez DM, Baek KJ, et al. Gh a GTP-binding protein with transglutaminase activity and receptor signaling function. Science 1994 264 1593-1596. 

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is characterized by a complex series of biochemical changes that culminate in cell death without inflammation or swelling, which are signs of necrosis. Embryonic, fetal, and postnatal development involve cell death by apoptosis, which serves to eliminate excessive cell proliferation and migration. Apoptosis is initiated by a variety of external stimuli and molecular events such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspase proteases, activation of endonucleases, transglutaminase activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. 

Transglutaminase Activities of Surimi Sols from Four Frozen Fish with and without Addition of Cysteine... 

Measuring Transglutaminase Activity. Enzymic activity of transglutaminase is measured by the hydroxamate procedure with N-carbobenzoxy-L-glutaminyl-glycine (Z-Gln-Gly) (Fig. 2). The enzymic activity unit is defined as the amount causing the formation of 1 /tmole of hydroxamic acid in one minute at 37°C (7). 

Seki, N. Uno, H. Lee, N.H. Kimura, I. Toyoda, K. Fujita, T. Arai, K. Transglutaminase activity in Alaska pollock muscle and surimi, and its reaction with myosin B. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1990,56, 125—132. 

---