Transferrin distribution

Garter, K.C., Brown, G., Trowbridge, I.S., Woolston, R.-E. and Mason, D.Y. (1983). Transferrin receptors in human tissues their distribution and possible clinical relevance. J. Clin. Pathol. 36, 539-545. 

The majority of Fur-regulated gene products are involved in iron uptake. Genes for transport and biosynthesis of enterobactin have been studied in E. coli K-12 (Earhart, 1996). It is assumed that this system is found in nearly every E. coli strain. Also the ferrichrome transport system seems to have a very broad distribution. The ferric citrate transport system (fee), however, is only present in some E. coli strains and may be part of a pathogenicity island. The aerobactin and yersiniabactin biosynthesis and transport systems are not found in all E. coli strains and are integrated into pathogenicity islands (Schubert et al., 1999). The ability to utilize haem seems also to be a specific pathogenicity-related adaptation. Haem transport systems are used in the animal or human host, where transferrin and lactoferrin create an iron-poor environment for bacteria. 

Once in the serum, aluminium can be transported bound to transferrin, and also to albumin and low-molecular ligands such as citrate. However, the transferrrin-aluminium complex will be able to enter cells via the transferrin-transferrin-receptor pathway (see Chapter 8). Within the acidic environment of the endosome, we assume that aluminium would be released from transferrin, but how it exits from this compartment remains unknown. Once in the cytosol of the cell, aluminium is unlikely to be readily incorporated into the iron storage protein ferritin, since this requires redox cycling between Fe2+ and Fe3+ (see Chapter 19). Studies of the subcellular distribution of aluminium in various cell lines and animal models have shown that the majority accumulates in the mitochondria, where it can interfere with calcium homeostasis. Once in the circulation, there seems little doubt that aluminium can cross the blood-brain barrier. 

Evidence of interactions of actinides with rhodotorulic acid and 2,3-dihydroxy-benzoyl-N-glycine is presented in Figs. 1 and 2. In Fig. la the distribution of plutonium between citric acid, fractions 22—28, and transferrin, fraction 14-18, (the evi-... 

The body iron is distributed mainly in two forms, one as haem in haemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase enzyme and other as iron bound to protein as storage compounds ferritin and hemosiderin, and as transport iron bound to transferrin. The total body iron in human adult is approximately 3.5 g out... 

The iron is transferred by the mucosal epithelium to the body and is bound to plasma transferrin in the ferric state. In the plasma, iron takes part in a dynamic transferrin-iron equilibrium and is distributed into vascular and interstitial extravascular compartment. 50 to 60% of transferrin is extravascular. The plasma iron pool in adults is about 3 mg and has an estimated turnover of 20 to 30 mg per 24 hours. Daily and obligatory losses of iron in healthy men are about 1 mg in healthy menstruating women these average 2 mg and in either case are compensated by a net absorption of 1 to 2 mg from the intestine, which enters the mobile pool of transferrin iron. 

It is now possible to separate the four principal species of transferrin [diiron(III), N-terminal monoiron(III), C-terminal monoiron(lll) and the apotransferrin] by the techniques of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea.1133 This allowed detailed studies of iron binding to transferrin, so that equations are now available for calculation of the distribution of iron between the various transferrin species.1134... 

Zobiack, N., Rescher, U., Ludwig, C., Zeuschner, D., and V. Gerke, 2003, The annexin 2/S100A10 complex controls the distribution of transferrin receptor-containing recycling endosomes. Mol Biol Cell. 14(12) 4896-908. 

Jamieson, A. and Birley, A.J. (1989). The distribution of transferrin alleles in haddock stocks. Journal du Conseil, The ICES Journal of Marine Science 45,248-262. 

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