Transferred DNA

Southern blot A method for transferring DNA from an agarose gel to nitrocellulose filter, on which the DNA can be detected by a suitable probe (eg, complementary DNA or RNA). 

Keywords. Polyamidoamine dendrimers. Activation of PAMAM dendrimers. Transfection, Gene transfer, DNA-dendrimer complex... 

KRYSAN P.J., YOUNG, J.C., TAX, F., SUSSMAN, M.R., Identification of transferred DNA insertions within Arabidopsis genes involved in signal transduction and ion transport, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996,93, 8145-50. 

Vector Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology, [nih]... 

The DNA or cDNA library is then introduced into a preparation of bacterial host cells. Usually, the first host selected is a laboratory strain of E. coli which has been grown and pretreated with inorganic salts to make uptake of DNA easier. The ability to take up foreign DNA is called competence, cells which have been specially prepared for the purpose are called competent cells. Other methods to transfer DNA into cells include electroporation (application of an external electric field to permeabUize the cell wall), transfection (where a recombinant bacterial virus is used to transfer the DNA to the target cell) or ballistic methods (by using DNA-coated particle projectiles). The last method has been used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells and mammalian cells. 

An additional drawback with regard to retroviral-based vectors is the propensity of the transferred gene to integrate randomly into the chromosomes of the recipient cells. Integration of the transferred DNA in the middle of a gene whose product plays a critical role in the cell... 

Figure 26-3 Integration of an F agent into a bacterial chromosome and transfer of some bacterial genes into another cell. (A) Incorporation of the F agent into E. coli genome and transfer of the "plus" strand of DNA out to a female recipient cell. (B) Genetic recombination between a piece of transferred DNA and the genome of the recipient cell.

Dumas, F., Duckely, M., Pelczar, P., Van Gelder, P. and Hohn, B. (2001) An Agrobacterium VirE2 channel for transferred-DNA transport into plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 485 190. 

Genetic engineering The process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification the production of a transgenic organism. 

Vector Any DNA structure that is used to transfer DNA into an organism most commonly used are plasmid DNA vectors or viruses. 

Exposure of DNA in gels to UV light to fragment the DNA prior to transfer or after transfer to cross-link the DNA to the membrane appears to reduce the ability of the DNA to hybridize.39 Moreover, nylon membranes that were UV-treated to cross-link transferred DNA lost target DNA after repeated stripping of probe DNA and rehybridization.85 Hence, we recommend baking the blot in vacuo. 

Membrane conteinieg transferred DNA or RNA is hybridized with radioactive probe... 

Keywords Charge transfer, DNA, Electron transfer, HOMO-level... 

Printed membranes were hybridized with a purified 600 bp GAPDH insert and labeled with radioactive probes. Visible signal was detected after 5 min of exposure with a digoxigenated probe followed by 30 min incubation with the radiolabeled probe. Mock hybridization experiments verified that there was no observed, unspecific signal, confirming that inkjet printing using standard desktop printers can be used to directly transfer DNA onto membranes for further reactivity. 

This sequence has been termed the central dogma of bioenergetics by analogy to the universal sequence of biological information transfer, DNA RNA proteins. Hydrolysis of ATP back to ADP and Pi is the common energy source for virtually all energy-requiring processes in the cell, such as mechanical work, active transport, and biosynthesis of macromolecules. 

Electroporated cells can be used to transfer DNA in bacterial, plant, and mammalian cells. This method offers rapid and efficient incorporation of plasmid and DNA in cells [49]. The in vivo electroporation has been shown to yield enhanced plasmid delivery to a wide range of tissues including muscle, skin, liver, lung, artery, kidney, retina, cornea, spinal cord, brain, synovium, and tumors. The precise mechanisms involved in electroporation applications in vivo are uncertain and require further studies, but appear to involve both electropore formation and an electrophoretic movement of the plasmid DNA. 

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