Transfer soil/crops

Wild SR, Jones KC. 1992. Organic chemicals entering agricultural soils in sewage sludges Screening for their potential to transfer to crop plants and livestock. Sci Total Environ 119 85-119. 

The reproducibility between individual soil crop combinations in the small containers was good. However, the concentrations of tritium in crops grown in lysimeters were significantly greater than the corresponding values in the small containers by factors of between 2 and 5. The lysimeters are more likely to represent field conditions, consequently, the small containers cannot be used to provide absolute values for transfer parameters. No significant difference in tritium concentration was measured between different crops or soils. 

Kirchmann, R., Darcheville, M. and Koch, G., Accumulation of Radium-226 from phosphate fertilizers in cultivated soils and transfer to crops. In Natural Radiation Environment III. CONF-780422 (Vol. 2) pp. 1667-1682, 1980. 

Consequences of plant nutrient mismanagement for the environment at the farm level result from plant nutrient transfer out of the soil/crop system, and induce harmful modification of the conditions prevailing in the system affected by those transfers ... 

To the flasks for the crop and soil samples (Section 6.1), add 2mL of 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.7) and 50 and 100 qL of 1M Tris-HCl buffer solution for wheat grain, bariey grain and rice straw, and for soil, respectively. Adjust the pH to about 7.7 (confirm the pH with a pH test paper using the sample of untreated area). Homogenize the residue with ultrasonication and transfer the homogenate to the top of an ion-exchange column. Wash the flask twice with 2mL of 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer solution and transfer the washings to the column. Elute the column with 40 mL of the same buffer solution. Discard this eluate. 

Transfer crop and soil samples from Section 6.1 (strawberry and rice grain) and Section 6.2 with 5 mL of methanol to 30-mL test-tubes and add to each test-tube 0.05 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Attach a condenser and reflux the solution at 75 °C for 60 min to esterify prohexadione to its corresponding methyl ester. Cool the reaction mixture to room temperature, add 20 mL of water and extract the reaction solution twice with 20 mL of dichloromethane. Dry the dichloromethane layer with a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate and collect the dried solution in a 100-mL round-bottom flask. Evaporate the solvent under reduced pressure. 

Nisbet AF, Shaw S. 1994. Summary of a 5-year lysimeter study on the time-dependent transfer of 137Cs, 90Sr, 239 240Pu and 241Am to crops from three contrasting soil types 1. Transfer to the edible portion. J Environ Radioact 23 1-17. 

Tamietti G, Valentino D (2006) Soil solarization as an ecological method for the control of Fusarium wilt of melon in Italy. Crop Prot 25 389-397. doi 10.1016/j.cropro.2005.07.002 Ten Berge HFM (1990) Heat and water transfer in bare topsoil and the lower atmosphere. Center Agric. Publ. Doc. (Pudoc), Wageningen... 

Repeated applications of pesticides to crops and soil will result in a buildup in their concentration in the soil over a period of time, especially if they have a low solubility in rain water, more so if they are stable and of low volatility. If the pesticides have an appreciable solubility in rainwater, the build-up in their concentration in soil with repeated applications will be lower than is the case of relatively water insoluble pesticides. This is important from the point of view of transfer of insecticides from the soil to crops, grown on the land, or to watercourses, streams, rivers and perhaps eventually the oceans. 

Soil injection of farm slurries and sewage sludges eliminates the odour and visual problem associated with surface spreading, it can control surface run-off and help prevent watercourse pollution. It can avoid crop taint and pathogen transfer on pastures and can provide soil loosening with better nutrient management. 

Lichtenstein, E.P. Bound residues in soils and transfer of soil residues in crops. Residue Rev., 76 147-153.1980. 

In addition to direct effects on the plant, benzylamine may induce hydrophobic (water repellent) conditions in soil (Figure 4)-These data indicate a linear increase in moisture content as benzylamine content increases, attributable to the development of a lower unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the surface soil, which thus became less able to transfer water from depth in response to evaporative demand. McGhie (50) suggests that poor germination of crop and pasture plants may be related to the development of hydrophobic conditions, the affected soil being unable to supply water to the germinating seed. 

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