Transfer calculated values

When concentric banks of hehcal cods are used, the process side heat-transfer coefficient b for the cod bank closest to the impeller is as given by the foregoing equation. For the second and third banks, the heat-transfer coefficient is 70 and 40% of the calculated value, respectively. 

TABLE 8.13 Heat Transfer from Panels. Calculated Values and Manufacturer s Data... 

Kister [90] has tabulated published HETP data for a wide variety of process systems and proposes that using good experimental data to interpret for other systems can be just as effective (accurate) as calculated values using most mass transfer techniques. 

Then, the quantity of heat that could be removed in batch reactors whose volume varies from 11 to 1 m is calculated. In order to compare with experimental results, the temperature gradient is fixed at 45 °C (beyond which water in the utility stream would freeze and another cooling fluid should be used). The maximum global heat-transfer coefficient is estimated at an optimistic value of 500 W m K h The calculated value of the global heat transfer area of each batch reactor. A, is in the same range as the one given by the Schweich relation [35] ... 

Ce(IV) + Fe(II) system, as calculated by Dulz and Sutin, on the grounds that the rate of the Fe(III)+Fe(II) exchange (/ci,i) and the corresponding oxidation potential relate to HCIO4 media, whereas the rate (A 2,2) and oxidation potentia of the Ce(IV)+Ce(III) system are for H2SO4 media. Adamson et arrive at a calculated value of 1.3 x 10 l.mole sec for the rate coefficient (A i,2) of the Ce(lV)+Fe(II) reaction in 0.5 M HCIO4 at 0 °C. Since this value is very much at variance with the observed value (700 l.mole sec" ), they conclude that this oxidation takes place by an atom-transfer mechanism, to which the theoretical treatment of Marcus is not appropriate. 

The partition index (IR, which will be discussed in details below) of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn in both soils rapidly increased from time zero (calculated value) to one day and further to one year. This was especially true for Cr, Cu and to some extent Ni and Cd (Table 6.5). This result indicates that added trace metals are initially and rapidly transferred from the labile EXC fraction into the more stable fractions. Furthermore, IR of trace metals in native arid soils incubated under the saturated paste regime decreased at the end of year. This indicates mobilization of trace elements in these soils as saturation (Table 6.5). Also, it can be seen that IR decreased, for any given time, with an increase of the loading level (Table 6.5, Fig. 6.5). This means that higher additions of soluble metals result in higher metal content in the labile fractions and lower metal binding intensity in soils. 

There are 12 equations in all (overall material and energy balances side A and B energy balances coil 1 to 8 energy balances) and 36 variables. However, the heat transfer coefficients are not known with any great accuracy. Further, both the side and coil heat transfer coefficients depend on the fire-box temperature. It is therefore necessary to calculate values for the heat transfer coefficients from the data. This effectively reduces the number of independent equations to 11. 

A calculated value for resolution greater than 1.5 indicates that the adjacent peaks exhibit baseline resolution the signal has fully returned to the baseline from the first peak before the second peak begins. Often, a minimum acceptable resolution of 2 is used in method development to ensure that acceptable resolution is maintained, even as the method is transferred among instruments, analysts and laboratories. 

For example, thermodynamic calculations will provide a value for the maximum voltage of a storage battery—that is, the voltage that is obtained when no current is drawn. When current is drawn, we can predict that the voltage will be less than the maximum value, but we cannot predict how much less. Similarly, we can calculate the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred from a cold environment into a building by the expenditure of a certain amount of work in a heat pump, but the actual performance will be less satisfactory. Given a nonequilibrium distribution of ions across a cell membrane, we can calculate the minimum work required to maintain such a distribution. However, the actual process that occurs in the cell requires much more work than the calculated value because the process is carried out irreversibly. 

Table I Activation energies for H and D transfer Three values are shown the activation energies calculated using a one- and two-dimensional Kramers problem and the experimental values.

The upper curve, which is the result of a curve fitting procedure to the points shown, is the HETP curve. The column was 25 cm long, 9 mm in diameter and packed with 8.5 micron (nominal 10 micron) Partisil silica gel. The mobile phase was a solution of 4.8 Sw/v ethyl acetate in n-decane. The minimum of the curve is clearly indicated and it is seen that the fit of the points to the curve is fairly good. As a result of the curve fitting procedure the values of the Van Deemter constants could be determined and the separate contributions to the curve from the multipath dispersion, longitudinal dispersion and the resistance to mass transfer calculated. 

The positive S.P. of up to 3 v. which is obtained for the adsorption of alkali metals on a W surface provides evidence for positive ion formation with electrons transferred from the adsorbate to the metal. For Na and Cs there is reasonable agreement between the values of the experimental dipole moment (M = 10 A( /47r300o-me, as considered in Sec. III,C) measured at low coverage, where the effects of mutual depolarization may be neglected, and the calculated values based on the electronic charge (e = 4.80 X e.s.u.) and the radius of the positive ion do (105) ... 

Some numerical calculations of the mass transfer coefficient are given in Table XI. They were performed for several values of x on the basis of Eq. (413). The time 6 in that expression is given by 6 = xJU. The values of A a have been taken in the range considered in the experiments of Sawistvoski and Goltz [104]. The calculated values of the mass transfer coefficient are... 

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