Training simulators used

Control Station (http //www.ControlStation.com) is both a controller design and tuning tool, and a process control training simulator used by industry and academic institutions worldwide for... 

The GHH Borsig Turbolog DSP control system used for controlling the machine train is designed to enable dynamic system simulation using the control system hardware and software. Tliis offers two major benefits ... 

Off-line analysis, controller design, and optimization are now performed in the area of dynamics. The largest dynamic simulation has been about 100,000 differential algebraic equations (DAEs) for analysis of control systems. Simulations formulated with process models having over 10,000 DAEs are considered frequently. Also, detailed training simulators have models with over 10,000 DAEs. On-line model predictive control (MPC) and nonlinear MPC using first-principle models are seeing a number of industrial applications, particularly in polymeric reactions and processes. At this point, systems with over 100 DAEs have been implemented for on-line dynamic optimization and control. 

One of the most widely used forms of simulation is that for operator training. So far operator training simulators have tended to use greatly simplified models in order to ensure real time performanee and most effort has been invested in the development of user interfaee. A further aspeet of the extended applieation of simulation for operator assistanee eould well be aehieved in eonjunetion with expert systems. 

Dynamic simulation may be used for off-line or on-line applications. An offline dynamic model runs independent of the plant. This is a predictive mode in which a column or an entire process is simulated to predict transient behavior with no input from the plant. Such a model is typically used for the design of equipment and control strategies and as a training simulator. An on-line dynamic model may be used to monitor the column performance and to provide vital information for the control system. It reads current plant conditions and, in real time, computes properties that are not measured on-line, such as product compositions. This makes it possible to control such properties directly. The on-line dynamic simulator can also predict future column trends, thereby allowing the control system to take corrective action in advance. 

Startup of the MTG unit in October 1985 essentially followed the procedures developed from the simulation with the exception that not all trains were used to contribute excess effluent to vaporise the initial methanol feed. 

By World War II, perchlorates were used mostly for solid rocket motors, which account for most of the emerging perchlorate problem in this country. Besides rocket fuel, perchlorates are used in 3-inch and 4.2-inch mortar shell illumination rounds, perimeter illumination booby traps, artillery simulators used in training, signal flares, smoke pots, artillery tracers, and railway torpedoes. 

Devices producing a whistle-like effect have since found uses both in the civilian arena for fireworks effects and in military applications for simulators used in training exercises to simulate incoming rounds. Titanium particles (in particle sizes greater than 100 mesh) can be added in low (5% or so) amounts to a whistle composition to produce a spark effect to accompany the audible output. 

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