Training Preconditions

This section illustrates some of the more global influences at the organizational level which create the preconditions for error. Inadequate policies in areas such as the design of the human-machine interface, procedures, training, and the organization of work will also have contributed implicitly to many of the other human errors considered in this chapter. 

The modular sampling train consists of 4 main modules and their submodules. The main modules are gas preconditioning, particle collection, tar collection and volume sampling. The modules are shown in Figure 3 and the purposes of the modules and needed equipment are aggregated in Table 1. 

After the value of drugs has been praised, a very simple remedy should not be forgotten Exercise rehabilitation. This modality has been found to reduce mortality after a myocardial infarction278 and in heart failure.279 A host of beneficial effects has been cited of which preconditioning may not be the least. Very recently, prior training has been shown to improve outcome of myocardial infarction in the rat, probably through improvement in remodeling.280... 

P. Abetc, C. Calabrese, N. Ferrara, A. Cioppa, P. Pisanelli, F. Cacciatore, G. Longobardi, C. Napoli, F. Rengo, Exercise training restores ischemic preconditioning in the ageing heart, J Am Coll Cardiol 36, 643-50 (2000). 

The second precondition is that in practice the assessor is an expert . He will have become an expert by appropriate (sensory) training and monitoring (subject to sensory preselection) and familiarisation with the sample material and specific information on the products. 

Another precondition is filled by the work itself, namely on the job training. 

Perform safety audits, performance assessments, and inspections using the hazard analysis results as the preconditions for operations and maintenance. Collect data to ensure safety policies and procedures are being followed and that education and training about safety is effective. Establish feedback channels for leading indicators of increasing risk. 

Titanlegierungen [Cutting of titanium alloys - preconditions for high-performance-cutting. Oral presentation at DGM-advanced-training-course titanium and titanium alloys], 17. Marz 2010, Koln, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Institut fiir Fertigungstechnik und Werkzeugmaschinen (IFW)... 

Subsequently, system control was introduced, through defining preconditions for the prime processes, such as well-trained personnel, adequate premises and equipment. Continuous improvement was going to be supported by, among others. Root Case Analyses and Systems for Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA). The need was recognised of structured decisions based on (Quality Risk Management (see Chap. 21). 

These uncertainties cannot be eliminated but they should be reduced as far as possible by means of quality assurance procedures. Whereas incorrect calibration may be detected and corrected at a later stage, errors in the treatment of the samples cannot readily be detected and corrected. Furthermore, the storage of samples allows the repetition of measurements for the samples that are obviously not correct. Regular training and exercises should be conducted for the staff to maintain the experience of personnel as an important precondition for high quality work, especially under stress in emergencies. 

The application of statistical methods depends on a proper experimental design, for the training set from which a QSAR model is derived, as well as for the test set, for which biological data shall be predicted (e.g.. Refs. 4,5, 10). In QSAR analyses, this important precondition is most often neglected. No wonder that in such cases problems arise from a biased object selection and from different structural and parameter spaces of the training and test sets. 

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