Tracer applications

Trace metal Trace metal contents Trace metals Tracer applications Tracer bullets Tracers... 

For a radionuclide to be an effective oceanic tracer, various criteria that link the tracer to a specihc process or element must be met. Foremost, the environmental behavior of the tracer must closely match that of the target constituent. Particle affinity, or the scavenging capability of a radionuclide to an organic or inorganic surface site i.e. distribution coefficient, Kf, is one such vital characteristic. The half-life of a tracer is another characteristic that must also coincide well with the timescale of interest. This section provides a brief review of the role of various surface sites in relation to chemical scavenging and tracer applications. 

Beryllium nitride is used in nuclear reactors and to produce radioactive carbon-14 isotope for tracer applications. 

The tremendous release of energy from nuclear reactions makes possible a unique family of applications for long-lived radioisotopes that are important to health, science, and industry. Whereas fission and fusion occur almost instantaneously, other radioactive decay processes occur in times ranging from a few minutes to thousands of years. The general areas of application may be grouped into irradiation, thermal energy generation, and tracer applications.57... 

J. G. Burr, Tracer Applications for the Study of Organic Reactions, Interscience, New York, 1957. 

Pant, H.J. Kundu, A. Nigam, K.D.P. Radio-tracer applications in chemical process industry. Rev. Chem. Eng. 2001, 17, 165. 

Willey, J. D. (1984). The effect of seawater mangesium on natural fluorescence during estuarine mixing, and implications for tracer applications. Mar. Chem. 15, 19-45. 

Describe the advantage of using isotopes with short half-lives for tracer applications in a medical laboratory. 

Lachrimal duct scintigraphy s dynamic imaging should begin immediately after tracer application for 10 min. 

The examples presented in Sections IA-ID clearly demonstrate the general utility of sulphonic acid derivatives in the syntheses of isotopically labelled compounds. Sulphonate esters possessing the excellent anionic leaving sulphonate group are especially useful. Numerous labelled sulphonic acid derivatives have been directly applied to solve scientific, industrial and medical problems. The kinetic deuterium and tritium isotope effects, which limit to a certain degree the tracer applications of deuterium- and tritium-labelled sulphonic acid derivatives, are discussed in Section III. 

Plants capable to produce a total of more than 1200 tons annually are in operation in Canada, India and the US. The largest exchange towers are 60 m high and have a diameter of 6 m. In 5 units (only one unit is indicated in Fig. 2.8) the D2O concentration is raised from 0.014% to about 15%. The final concentration to 99.97% D2O is then usually made by distillation of water. The 1990 price for pure D2O was - US 400 per kg. It is important to recognize in tracer applications that commercially available D2O always contains some tritium, which is co-enriched with deuterium 2-7 kBq kg D2O. 

A new field, the study of P-biodynamics in surface waters using cosmogenic and P surfaced in the late 1980s. This tracer application was not held up for want of a technique. In this case, it was not realized that these short-lived nuclides (half-lives, 14.3 and... 

Radiochemical methods of analysis are used in a wide range of analytical applications. Not only can these methods be used to obtain information regarding the nature and quantities of substances present in materials of interest, but radioactive elements can also be employed as tracers to study various physicochemical processes. Radioactive substances can be used to follow the movement of elements or of specific compounds in soils and plants, the absorption of elements in the body, and the selfdiffusion of lead atoms in metallic lead, among other applications. Although these tracer applications are of great practical value, the present chapter will be concerned only with applying radioactivity to determining the presence and quantity of elements and compounds in various materials—that is, the use of radioactivity in chemical analysis. 

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