Toxicity alkyl chain length

A distinct dependence between LAS alkyl chain length and the chronic or long-term toxicity is also shown (see Table 22) [290,291]. As can be seen, the ecotoxicity of LAS for fishes and daphnia increase significantly with increasing alkyl chain length of the LAS homolog. 

The monoorganotins do not appear to have any important toxic action in mammals 469,470,471), but they show the familiar pattern of decreasing toxicity with increasing alkyl chain-length, with the maximum again falling at the monoethyltin derivative (see Table V). 

Variation of Toxicity of Monoalkyltin Trichlorides with Alkyl Chain Length (470, 499)... 

Tin is comparable in its toxicological behavior to lead. Trialkyl species are the most toxic in both cases. While the toxicity of alkyltin species declines with alkyl chain length, that of alky Head species increases with alkyl chain length. 

The most toxic organoleads are the trialkylleads, whose toxicity increases with alkyl chain length. Tetraalkylleads themselves are completely nontoxic and their apparent toxicity is due to their trialkyllead breakdown products136. 

In some biological systems nonionic surfactants have an intrinsic biological activity the Ci2 alkyl ethers were too toxic to be used in the experiments of drug absorption with goldfish. The activity of the C12 ethers was quantified by measurement of the fish turnover time, T. When the reciprocal of the turnover time is plotted against alkyl chain length for the series Cx and Ejq and C12 compound is distinguished by its marked effect. (12). 

Addition of carbons to the alkyl chain length increases the hydropho-bicity of the surfactant. The increased hydrophobicity results in greater uptake rate constants, and toxicity increases by a factor of approximately 2.7 with each additional alkyl carbon. 

A limited amount of chain-length versus chronic-toxicity information exists for LAS, as well as some chain-length versus acute-toxicity information for AS and AES. These limited data also support the relationship between alkyl chain length and toxicity. 

Although it is well known that most of the classical quaternary ammonium salts possess bactericidal activity [54] and have been used as disinfectants, little was known until very recently about the toxicity of new ILs [55]. It is evident that use of these liquids as green materials requires the consideration of their toxicity and their minimum inhibitory concentration values [56]. This situation is now rapidly changing and most of the data available indicate that 1,3-diaIkylimidazolium ILs display antimicrobial activity and that their biological activity is dependent on the N-alkyl chain lengths [57]. The relatively low values of acute toxicity of 3-hexyloxy-... 

The flux enhancement and the toxicity of azone and its derivatives with the hydrocarbon chain lengths from C2 to C16 were investigated. The in vitro cytotoxicity as well as the flux increased from C2 to C8, then remained constant from C8 to C14, and subsequently decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. This shows that, with these compounds, a parallehsm exists betweai skin cell toxicity and penetration-enhancing capacity (Ponec etal., 1989). The in vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of different drugs with Azone is presented in Table 12.5. 

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