Toxic materials inhalation

In preliminary process design, the primary consideration is contact by inhalation. This happens either through accidental release of toxic material to the atmosphere or the fugitive emissions caused by slow leakage from pipe flanges, valve glands, and pump and compressor seals. Tank filling causes emissions when the rise in liquid level causes vapor in the tank to be released to the atmosphere. 

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. 

Bromothiophenes are toxic materials by aU routes. Inhalation toxicity of 2-bromothiophene is significant. Ecotoxicity is also noted for these materials, particularly for 2-bromo-3-methylthiophene. 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde and the 3-methyl derivative can cause minor irritation to the skin and eyes of rabbits. The former is a sensitizer to guinea pig skin, the latter is not. 2-Acetylthiophene is toxic in aU modes of contact. Severe exposure causes serious inflammation of the lung, damage to many organs, and depression of the central nervous system. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Eye protection Symptoms Following Exposure Vapors from very hot material may irritate eyes and produce headache, drowsiness, and convulsions General Treatment for Exposure Remove fresh air. Wash affected skin areas with water. Flush eyes with water Toxicity by Inhalation (ThresholdLimit Value) 5 mg/m Short-Term Exposure limits Not pertinent Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 1 LDjq 5 to 15 g/kg Late Toxicity Birth defects in rats polyneuritis in humans Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Not pertinent liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin Odor Threshold Data not available. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Eye protection Symptoms Following Eiqzosure Dust irritates eyes in same way as any foreign material. Penetration of skin by fragments of metal is likely to produce local irritation, blisters, and ulcers which may become infected General Treatment for Exposure EYES flush with water to remove dust. SKIN treat as any puncture Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation Limits Not pertinent Toxicity by Ingestion Oral LDLo (lowest lethal dose) = 230 mg/kg (dog) Late Toxicity Data not available Vtqtor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Not pertinent Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Not pertinent. 

House, W.B. 1964. Tolerance criteria for continuous exposure inhalation exposure to toxic materials. III. Effects on animals of 90-d exposure to hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UMDH), decaborane, and nitrogen dioxide. ASD-TR-61-519 (iii). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 84 pp. 

Conclusion Toxicity data are available for many thousands of solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals and other materials. The data for inhalation toxicity provide guidance for concentration and duration limits, for protection of the public, chemical plant employees, and emergency response personnel. Similar data for ingestion and skin contact with toxic materials are not as readily available. Investigation into toxic effects is continuing, so that toxic materials can be handled safely. 

Toxicity indicators, 23 112-114 Toxicity inhalation tests, 10 660 Toxicity studies acute, 25 217 chronic, 25 218 short-term repeated, 25 217 subchronic, 25 217-218 Toxicity units (TU), 25 887 Toxic materials, 21 833-836... 

Oxidizers will nearly always be identified as such on their MSDSs or International Chemical Safety Cards. They may be identified as DOT/UN Hazard Class 5.1 materials for shipping purposes and labeled as oxidizers. However, some oxidizers are classified otherwise. Chlorine, for example, is DOT/UN Class 2.3 (gases toxic by inhalation) and labeled as POISON GAS for shipping purposes it may also be labeled as a corrosive material. Liquid oxygen is Class 2.2 (nonflammable nontoxic compressed gases) but should be labeled as NONFLAMMABLE GAS and OXIDIZER. 

Sandage C. 1961. Tolerance criteria for continuous inhalation exposure to toxic material. I. Effects on animals of 90-day exposure to phenol, CC14 and a mixture of indole, skatole, H2S and methyl mercaptan. Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, OH. U.S. Air Force systems command, Aeronautical Systems Division, ASD technical report 61-519(1). 

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