Totally effluent free

ECF elemental chlorine free process TCF totally chlorine free process TEF totally effluent free process... 

TEE Totally effluent-free process (no liquid effluent)... 

The relative merits of TCF and ECF bleaching have been vigorously debated in recent years. These developments are now increasingly seen as a step in the evolution towards Totally Effluent Free (TEF) processes, which aim to prevent all emissions from bleach plants. It is currently believed that mill closure could be achieved with TCF and ECF bleaching technologies, but in practice the former is likely to be cheaper and easier to implement [352]. 

Lindesjoo, E., M. Adolfsson-Erici, G. Ericson and L. Forlin. Biomarker responses and resin acids in fish chronically exposed to effluents from a total chlorine-free pulp mill during regular production. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 53 238-247, 2002. 

Most of the wastewater from German pulp and paper mills is treated biologically, either in municipal treatment plants (18% of production volume) or in in-mill plants (74% of production volume). 4% of the annual paper volume is produced in mills with a totally closed water circuit which means that these mills are absolutely effluent free [2]. 

Consider the idealized breakthrou curve of Fig. 11.43. This results from the flow of a solvent gas throu an adsorbent bed at the rate of Gs mass/(areaXtime), entering with an initial solute concentration Yq mass solu-te/mass solvent gas. The total solute-free effluent after any time is w mass/area of bed cross section. The breakthrough curve is steep, and the solute concentration in the effluent rises rapidly from essentially zero to that in the incoming gas. Some low value is arbitrarily chosen as the breakpoint concentration, and the adsorbent is considered as essentially exhausted when the effluent concentration has risen to some arbitrarily chosen value close to Jq. We are concerned principally with the quantity of effluent Wg at the breakpoint and the shape of the curve between Wg and Wg. The total effluent accumulated during the appearance of the breakthrough curve is = Wg Wg. The adsorption zone, of... 

Currently available CRMs for Cr(lll)/(VI) species There exist a lyophilized water certified for Cr(III)/Cr(VI) and a binder-free glass fiber filter loaded with welding dust certified for Cr(VI) and total Cr (Vercoutere et al. 1998 Christensen et al. 1999) issued by the BCR. They consist of a set of specimens for single use. There is a need for more CRMs, such as a Cr(VI) in industrial effluents and in river water containing, e.g. humic substances. 

Effluent waters from denitrification reactors, while free of nitrate, may have other water quality problems. During bench-scale testing, it was found that process effluent contained high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were low, and odor was caused by the presence of measurable amounts of hydrogen sulfide. 

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