Total separation factor

The total separation factor for discharge is naturally defined as the product of separation factors at the stage of transfer of protons (deuterons) from water molecules to hydronium ions and at the stage of the discharge of the corresponding ions. 

Both liquid and vapor phases are totally miscible. Conventional vapor/liqiiid eqiiilihriiim. Neither phase is pure. Separation factors are moderate and decrease as purity increases. Ultrahigh purity is difficult to achieve. No theoretical limit on recovery. Liquid phases are totally miscible solid phases are not. Eutectic system. Sohd phase is pure, except at eutectic point. Partition coefficients are very high (theoretically, they can be infinite). Ultrahigh purity is easy to achieve. Recovery is hmited by eutectic composition. 

St = Theoretical trays/stages at actual reflux, L/D, including reboiler and total condenser Sopt = Optimum stripping factor (SR)i = Separation factor... 

The contribution of each of these items to the total capital cost is calculated by multiplying the total purchased equipment by an appropriate factor. As with the basic Lang factor , these factors are best derived from historical cost data for similar processes. Typical values for the factors are given in several references, Happle and Jordan (1975) and Garrett (1989). Guthrie (1974), splits the costs into the material and labour portions and gives separate factors for each. In a booklet published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, IChemE (1988), the factors are shown as a function of plant size and complexity. 

Total resolution of [269] into its two enantiomers was achieved by liquid-liquid chromatography through complexation to L-valine adsorbed initially on diatomaceous earth (Timko et al., 1978). On the basis of comparative chromatographic studies, the separation factors (a) and the EDC values were correlated (Cram et al., 1975) (Table 59). 

In the limit of total exclusion of both the marker and the particles from the pores (K = 0), the separation factor... 

Surface area is by no means the only physical property which determines the extent of adsorption and catalytic reaction. Equally important is the catalyst pore structure which, although contributing to the total surface area, is more conveniently regarded as a separate factor. This is because the distribution of pore sizes in a given catalyst preparation may be such that some of the internal surface area is completely inaccessible to large reactant molecules and may also restrict the rate of conversion to products by impeding the diffusion of both reactants and products throughout the porous medium. 

Factor Analyses. In an attempt to identify sources of the various elements, factor analyses were carried out separately on two data sets representing 1) filters exposed face down under an inverted funnel rain shield, and 2) filters exposed in a vane sampler continuously facing into the wind. Within each data set, separate factor analyses were performed on the data expressed as 1) concentrations in air (ng m ) and 2) abundances (percent of total mass). Rain amount, rain duration, and soil moisture data were included in early analyses, but these parameters were later dropped from the data sets because they had no significant relationship to any of the elements. Wind direction frequencies were included in the data sets throughout the analyses, however. 

C0 = the total counterion concentration in the liquid-phase D = the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient S = the film thickness r0 = the particle radius aA 3 = the separation factor. 

EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PLATES. Desty et al. (31) introduced the term effective number of plates, N, to characterize open tubular columns. In this relationship adjusted retention volume, VR, in lieu of total retention volume Vp, is used to determine the number of plates. This equation is identical to Purnell s separation factor discussed below. 

Figure 9. Variation of separation factor with coverage for (Curve 1) CHf-Kr and (Curve 2) P-Q pair at 250 K and gas-phase concentrations of 50% due to changing total system pressure. The first-named specie is component A in Equation 11 (-----) limiting Langmuir separation.

The effect of radiolysis on the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) by Ph2PS2H and (ClPh)2PS2H in a mixture with TBP in toluene was negligible up to a total dose of 0.1 MGy. At higher levels, such as 0.7 MGy, DAm decreased slightly, whereas DEu clearly increased, resulting in a significant drop in Am/Eu separation factors (61). 

Fig. 8. Effect of down stream pressure on the total permeation rate and separation factor (20 wt.% CH3COOH T = 30 °C) ( ) Q ( ) a.

Having said this, the bulk of the pervaporation literature continues to report membrane performance in terms of the total flux through the membrane and a separation factor, /3pervap, defined for a two-component fluid as the ratio of the two components on the permeate side of the membrane divided by the ratio of the two components on the feed side of the membrane. The term /3pervap can be written in several ways. 

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