Total rupture

This frequency can be derived from [81] where the rate for gas release is given as 5.8 X 10 per km and year. About 9 % of this value represent spontaneous total rupture. 

The mass flow rate is calculated according to Sect. 7.4.3 (cf. Example 10.4). It has to be observed that total rupture implies an open cross sectional area on both ends of the pipe, so that the entire aperture is two times the cross sectional area of the pipe. 

Scavenius M, Hansen, S,Bak K,NorringK, Jensen KH and Jorgensen U. Isolated total ruptures of the anterior crudate Ugament - a cUnical study with long-term follow-up at 7 years. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 1999 9 114-119. 

Fig. 7.1 Typical frequency-conductivity spectra of plant tissue with intact cells, partial ruptured cells and totally ruptured cells in the frequency range of the measured current of 1 kHz to 50 MHz. Reproduced with permission from Knorr and Angersbach (1998).

On June 1, 1974, a cyclohexane vapor cloud was released after the rupture of a pipe bypassing a reactor. In total, approximately 30,000 kg of cyclohexane was released. The cyclohexane formed a cloud which ignited after a period of approximately 30 to 90 seconds. As a result, a very strong explosion occurred which caused the death of 28 people and injured 36 people. The plant was totally destroyed and 1821 houses and 167 stores and factories in the vicinity of the plant were damaged. 

The safety valves of other cars operated, thereby releasing more LPG. At 7 33 a m., the twenty-seventh car ruptured with explosive force. Four fragments were hurled in different directions (Figure 2.21). The east end of the car dug a crater in the track structure, and was then hurled about 180 m (600 ft) eastward. The west end of the car was hurled in a southwesterly direction for a total distance of about 90 m (300 ft). This section struck and collapsed the roof of a gasoline service station. Two other sizable portions of the tank were hurled in a southwesterly direction and came to rest at points 180 m (600 ft) and 230 m (750 ft) from the tank. 

The exact amount of cyclohexane released is unclear, but it escaped from a system consisting of five reactor vessels containing a total quantity of 250,000 kg (Gugan 1978). However, a complete discharge is unlikely. If an almost complete discharge of the two vessels adjacent to the ruptured pipe is assumed, a total quantity of 100,000 kg of cyclohexane would have been released. 

The total energy of a vessel s contents is a measure of the strength of the explosion following rupture. For both the statistical and the theoretical models, a value for this energy must be calculated. The first equation for a vessel filled with an ideal gas was derived by Brode (1959) ... 

Where e.xperience indicates a reiisoiiable potential for equipment failure (such as a tank overflow, rupture, or leakage), the plan is to include a prediction of the direction, rate of flow, and total quantity of oil that could be discharged from the facility as a result of each major type of failure... 

Rupture Disks used for low as well as high pressure protection of vessels and pipelines where sudden and total... 

Steam blanketing results in a departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) and typically dryout (localized total evaporation) conditions. It also may result in the formation of secondary (silicate-based) deposits that cannot be rinsed or resolublized, overheating problems, and eventual boiler tube or furnace shell rupture. 

The presence at the catalyst s surface of active sites which made possible the dehydrofluorination reaction (C-F rupture) and the chlorine-fluorine substitution (C-Cl rupture) was then supposed There would also exist active sites which would only allow the second reaction (C-Cl nipture). The addition of nickel, by suppressing the sites which allow the two reactions (fluorination and dehydrofluorination) decreases the total activity. 

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