Total margin

Notably, upwelling margins represent only 2% of the total marginal area of the ocean (Ganeshram et al, 2002 Berner, 1982). 

For a market of (potentially) N (discounted) prescriptions, (24.3) would have to be multiplied by N in order to get the total marginal value. Note, however, that in (24,3), since sales depend on the patient or the patient s agent (let us use the word consumer), tt is the consumer s perceived probability. The pharmaceutical sponsor (let us use the word producer) may have a different probability. Note that (24.3) attains its maximum when... 

The adjusted simple margin for BP is 60.02 basis points and is derived from the adjusted price of 100.12. The other one is known as adjusted total margin... 

There are several yield spread measures or margins that are routinely used to evaluate floaters. The four margins commonly used are spread for life, adjusted simple margin, adjusted total margin, and discount margin. To illustrate these measures, we will assume a floater that has a coupon formula equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 45 basis points and delivers cash flows quarterly. 

The adjusted total margin (also called total adjusted margin) adds one more refinement to the adjusted simple margin. Specifically, the adjusted total margin is the adjusted simple margin plus the interest earned by... 

For our hypothetical floater we used in previous illustrations, the adjusted total margin is... 

Demonstrated reserve quantities are estabUshed by measurements including drillings surface sampling, etc. Inferred reserves are those derived from geological survey information, not by measurement of the extent of the particular reserve. Not included herein are identified marginal and speculative resources, such as the oil-field and geothermal brines and lithium-hearing clays. These latter reserves are speculative as to extent, not existence. Total undiscovered clays in the western United States are speculatively estimated at 15 x 10 t lithium (16). More detailed Hsts of reserves are also available (15,17). 

Commodity chemical producers have varying records of performance in appHcations research. It is usually high on the priority Hst when the product is stiU evolving, eg, low density polyethylene in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In times of pinched profit margins, these services often have been dropped, sometimes to be reinstituted, especially if totally new uses appeared. 

Geographic area Total C resource Marginal or submarginal d resources ... 

A related problem is the allocation of costs when a raw material for one process operation is produced internally by another process operation of the same organization (17). The transfer or captive price assigned to the raw material can range from the production cost to a market price that reflects a total profit margin for the material producer, depending on the accounting procedures adopted. 

If the sales volume exceeds the annual production rate by 10 percent and the inventory is valued at the sales price, then Eq. (9-153) shows that the profit margin is (A vf/As)100 = 0 percent. If the inventory is valued at the total variable cost, then the profit margin (A vf/As)100 = (0.1)(1 — 0.7) (100) = 3 percent. Hence, the value of the inventoiy is of vital importance. 

Absorption, rate-of-return, and marginal pricing have been considered here on the basis of manufacturing cost. Total cost, which is the sum of manufacturing and general costs, can also be considered as the basis. In this case the appropriate profit to consider is the net annual profit rather than the gross annual profit. 

Optimal economic insulation thickness may be determined Iw various methods. Two of these are the minimum-total-cost method and the incremental-cost method (or marginal-cost method). The minimum-total-cost method involves the actual calculations of lost energy and insulation costs for each insulation thickness. The thickness producing the lowest total cost is the optimal economic solution. The optimum thickness is determined to be the point where the last dollar invested in insulation results in exactly 1 in energy-cost savings ( ETI— Economic Thickness for Industrial Insulation, Conservation Pap. 46, Federal Energy Administration, August 1976). The incremental-cost method provides a simplified and direcl solution for the least-cost thickness. 

The definition of NPSHr may change in the future. A pump is in a definite state of cavitation with the 3% total head loss definition. Many pump users want a more explicit definition of NPSHr, and higher NPSHa safety margins to avoid inadequate NPSHa and cavitation altogether. 

From Figure 6.34 it ean be seen that to aehieve the desired phase margin of at least 30° then the eompensator must provide in the order of an additional 20° of phase advanee, i.e. 57° in total, at the modulus erossover frequeney. 

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