Total flow rates

Total flow rate of purge = 1554a + 81.79a + 287.5 = 1636a +287.5... 

Take two different sequences for the separation of a four-component mixture" (Fig. 5.7). Summing the feed flow rates of the key components to each column in the sequence, the total flow rate is the same in both cases ... 

Use now this equation to describe liquid film flow in conical capillary. Let us pass to spherical coordinate system with the origin coinciding with conical channel s top (fig. 3). It means that instead of longitudinal coordinate z we shall use radial one r. Using (6) we can derive the total flow rate Q, multiplying specific flow rate by the length of cross section ... 

At higher total flow rates, particularly when the Hquid is prone to foaming, the reactor is a pulsed column. This designation arises from the observation that the pressure drop within the catalyst bed cycles at a constant frequency as a result of Hquid temporarily blocking gas or vapor pathways. The pulsed column is not to be confused with the pulse reactor used to obtain kinetic data ia which a pulse of reactant is introduced into a tube containing a small amount of catalyst. 

The total flow rate of fluid entrained by the surface is... 

Derivatives or rates of change of tray and condenser-reflux drum hquid holdup with respecl to time are sufficiently small compared with total flow rates that these derivatives can be approximated by incremental changes over the previous time step. Derivatives of liquid enthalpy with respect to time eveiywhere can oe approximated in the same way. The derivative of the liquid holdup in the reboiler can likewise be approximated in the same way except when reflux ratios are low. 

The perforated pipe distributor comprises a central feed sump and pipes that branch out from the sump to provide the liquid discharge. The level in the sump varies with liquid total flow rate, and the size of the lateral pipes and their perforations must be determined carefully to ensure that the ends of the pipes are not starved for hquid. The orifices are typically 4 to 6 mm diameter, and can be subject to phigging if foreign matter is present. The pipes must be leveled carefully, especially for large diameter columns. 

FIGURE 8.1 Model of a central recirculating system used for calculating the connection between contaminant concentrations, airflow rates, contaminant source strength, q, and air cleaner efficiency, rj. Cj p is the concentration in the supply (outside) air, c is the concentration in the room, c is the concentration in the returned air, (JaMot the total flow rate through the room, ic is the ratio between recirculated airflow rate and total air flow rate, T is the time constant for the room, and V is the room volume. 

By assuming a steady state and since the sum of the supply and return flow rates is equal to the total flow rate through the room, it is possible to manipulate this equation to get the following, where is the supply airflow... 

This entrained flow rate is normally many times the original flow race and it is the total flow rate that the receiving opening must be designed to exhaust. At the same time the entrained air must be available to both sides of the jet,... 

The air volume flow rate plays a major role in planning, commissioning, and running industrial ventilation systems, in the planning phase of a system, the supply, exhaust flows, and total flow rates are specified. When the system is built and running, the contractor and/or the client measures the airflows to determine if they agree with the specification. In such a situation, it is of interest to... 

Figure 12.35b shows a model of the machine on the scale of 1 to 1. Many details and surfaces are made in the correct size and location to achieve a good reproduction of the actual capturing zone. The capture efficiency a is used for the evaluation of the system and it is defined as the ratio between the flow rate of the contaminant Sg directly captured from the process and the total flow rate of the contaminant S released from the process ... 

Total flow rate of both phases, GPM Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/(sec) (sec) Distance from center to gh en chord of a vessel, ft... 

F rate of gas flow into the system (mole sec-1) an index may denote the component contributing to the total flow rate... 

Figure 9.22. Effect of catalyst potential, UWr, on conversion of acetylene (a) and selectivity towards ethene formation (b) with H2 C2H2=9 1. Conditions pH2-60 kPa, Pc2h2=7 kPa. pHe=34 kPa, total flow rate Fv=30.3 cm3 STP/min. UWr was initially set at +400 mV and was increased in steps until the maximum negative voltage was applied. Uwr was then returned to its original value of +400 mV and the open symbols correspond to measurements taken at this point.31 Reprinted with permission from Academic Press.

In Table 6.7, C is the Martinelli-Chisholm constant, / is the friction factor, /f is the friction factor based on local liquid flow rate, / is the friction factor based on total flow rate as a liquid, G is the mass velocity in the micro-channel, L is the length of micro-channel, P is the pressure, AP is the pressure drop, Ptp,a is the acceleration component of two-phase pressure drop, APtp f is the frictional component of two-phase pressure drop, v is the specific volume, JCe is the thermodynamic equilibrium quality, Xvt is the Martinelli parameter based on laminar liquid-turbulent vapor flow, Xvv is the Martinelli parameter based on laminar liquid-laminar vapor flow, a is the void fraction, ji is the viscosity, p is the density, is the two-phase frictional... 

CD Initiator volumetric flow rate as percent of total flow rate,... 

Fig. 6. Variations of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) with nickel content of Ni-SDC and Ni-YSZ anodes. Operating conditions 600 °C, 1 atm feed composition CH4 Ar = 10 90 total flow rate 100 ml/min [10].

Total flow rate [m-s- ] 5.1x10- 5.1x10-2 5.1x10-2... 

Fig. 3. The effects of time on stream on the conversions of CO2 and CH4 and tire product distribution over Ni-YSZ-Ce02 catalyst. (Reaction temp. = 800 °C, CH4/CO2 = 1, Total flow rate = 40 cc/min)...

Fig. 6. The effects of total flow rate of tiiels (CH4/CO2 = 1) on the inpedance in the internal reforming of CH4 by CO2 over ESC (NiO-YSZ-Ce02 I YSZ I (LaSrlMnOs) of SOFC system.

The catalyst (0.15 g) was loaded into a quartz tube reactor (internal diameter = 4 mm). The catalyst was pretreated in nitrogen at 400°C. Simulated gasoline reformate was used for the activity test of the catalyst. The composition of the simulated reformate was 36 wt% H2, 17 wt% CO2, 28 wt% N2, 17 wt% H2O, 1 wt% CO, and air was added additionally as the oxidant. The total flow rate was maintained at 100 ml/min. The test was performed over the temperature range of 120 280°C at various flow rates of inlet air. 

The catalyst/adsorhent was a 60/80 mesh pellet of 1 wt% Pt/Al203 prepared by impregnation. It was packed in each tube for l.Og (1.0gx4 tubes). For this arrangement, the dead volume of each tube was only 3 cm. The feed to each zone was Cco, co aae = 5,000 ppm, Co2,02 zone = 10,000 ppm (balanced by N2). Total flow rate for each zone was 100 mlNTP-min". The temperature of the catalyst bed was 373K. 

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