Total emissions concept

Absorption Coefficient Based Gas Properties. In the gas models discussed above, the final product is the band absorptance and total emissivity or absorptivity. For most radiative transfer models, however, the absorption coefficient is the desired input. For this purpose, either polynomial expressions or the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (WSGG) models are developed, which are usually based on the pseudo absorption coefficient concept [35] ... 

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In general, the EOP requires that for a source locating in a nonattainment area, more than equivalent offsetting emission rednctions must be obtained from existing emissions prior to approval of the new major source or major modification. The bubble concept, wherein the total emissions from the entire facility with the new source do not exceed the emissions prior to addition of the new source, may be used to determine the emission rate. H there were emission rednctions at existing sources, they would offset the contributions from the new source, or offset the new emissions. This same bubble concept may be used for sources that qualify for in-attainment or PSD review. 

Bubble Policy The bubble concept introduced under PSD provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 was formally proposed as EPA policy on Jan. 18, 1979, the final policy statement being issued on Dec. 11, 1979. The bubble pohcy allows a company to find the most efficient way to control a plant s emissions as a whole rather than by meeting individual point-source requirements. If it is found less expensive to tighten control of a pollutant at one point and relax controls at another, this woiild be possible as long as the total pollution from the plant woiild not exceed the sum of the current hmits on individual point sources of pollution in the plant. Properly apphed, this approach would promote greater economic efficiency and increased technological innovation. 

In densely populated areas, traffic is responsible for massive exhausts of nitrous oxides, soot, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Traffic emissions also markedly contribute to the formation of ozone in the lower parts of the atmosphere. In large cities, fine particle exposure causes excess mortality which varies between one and five percent in the general population. Contamination of the ground water reservoirs with organic solvents has caused concern in many countries due to the persistent nature of the pollution. A total exposure assessment that takes into consideration all exposures via all routes is a relatively new concept, the significance of which is rapidly increasing. 

Equation (4) states that, to quantify the combustion efficiency, the volume fractions of carbon monoxide and the total hydrocarbon (methane equivalents), the mass flow and the stoichiometry of conversion gas, and the volume flows of primary and secondary air need to be measured. The concept of combustion efficiency is a function of emissions, air dilution, and type of fuel. This concept can be applied to any type of continuous combustion system and any type of fuel. 

The TLEV, LEV, and ULEV standards incorporate the concept of reactivity-weighted mass emissions of VOC, concurrent with increasingly strict NOx control. The intent is to regulate based on equal ozone-forming potentials of the VOC emissions rather than simply on their total mass. That is, the emission standards for organics are set in terms of the amount of ozone formed in the atmosphere per mile traveled by a given vehicle/fuel combination rather than in terms of the simple total mass of VOC emitted per mile. 

Various levels of initial and final configurations take different parts in radiative transitions. Therefore, it is convenient to introduce the concepts of emissive and receptive zones, which characterize the participation of the configurations in particular transitions [298]. The zones as the weighted distributions of the level energies (with the weight of each level equal to the total strength of all lines originating from it) may be expressed in terms of their moments. The initial moments of emissive (em) and receptive (rec) zones are defined, respectively, as... 

Two different kinds of direct injection nebulizers are available commercially. The total consumption nebulizer was developed by Greenfield et al. [36] for ICP optical emission spectrometry. The concept for the Cetac direct injection nebulizer (DIN) was developed by Fassel, Houk, and coworkers [35,37]. It has a narrow sample-carrying capillary [30-50 xm inner diameter (i.d.), 0.5 to 1 m long] that extends slightly past the nebulizer gas tube. A second, auxiliary or makeup, nebulizer gas is introduced through another concentric tube outside the nebulizer gas tube. A gas displacement pump (up to 1500 psi) or HPLC pump is used to deliver the sample to the nebulizer through the long, narrow capillary. 

Unique Whole Mixtures Many techniques are available to directly quantify total toxic impacts of mixtures. The risk assessment question in this case is related to the regulatory evaluation of emissions, like in the case of effluents, or it is related to the concept of good ecological status (GES), introduced in the EU Water Framework Directive (EU Directive 2000/60/EC). 

The concept, presented in the paper, forecasts a big profit when using new coal-fired power plants without any atmospheric emissions and injection of high pressure carbon dioxide, produced in the plant, into old oil fields for almost total oil extraction. With a capacity of 14 GW in Europe it is possible to extract 300 Mt of oil. The concept is undoubtedly worth being funded for further studies for the design of a demonstration plant. 

Three-way catalyses (TWC) require a minimum temperature of approx. 3500C for proper catalytic combustion. Due to the heat capacity of the exhaust system it takes about 1 min after engine start until this temperature level is reached if the catalyst is only heated by the exhaust gas. The amount of toxics produced during this cold-start period presents a considerable fraction of the total amount during one test cycle [1]. Due to more stringent legal purification requirements several concepts were developed to reduce the catalyst heat up time. Presently the main approaches to lower the cold-start emissions are the use of an electrically heated catalyst (EHC) [2], a burner heated catalyst (BHC) [3, 4] and hydrocarbon adsorber systems [5, 61. 

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